1. There are seven days in a week.
2. The sun shines every day.
3. We all must work hard.
4. It is raining outside.
5. I always carry a handkerchief.
6. Spring is the first season of the year.
7. We will bring some fruit and a lunch basket.
8. She came home before her stepmother and sister.
9. She was the happiest woman in the world.
10. We can do a lot of things with money.

1. She could understand everything.
2. They had time to tell her.
3. We’re coming tomorrow morning.
4. He comes here every morning.
5. There were many people at the concert.
6. Our teacher wants the homework now.
7. You must look out of the window.
8. We could see as far as the mountains.
9. She came with him.
10. He’ll come if he can.

1. Winter is colder than summer.
2. He’s opened the window on your right.
3. Peter was born and brought up in China.
4. You’ve studied English for two years.
5. Shoes are made in pairs.
6. Many old customs have died out in China.
7. It took you a month to get rid of the cold.
8. His mother asked you to send for a doctor.
9. They have to finish their work by tomorrow.
10. I should have prepared my lesson last night.

1. Can you speak English?
2. Are you enjoying yourself?
3. Have you met my sister Alice?
4. Would you like another cup of tea?
5. Must I be there in time?
6. Did you meet him yesterday?
7. Does he play chess?
8. May I go out?
9. Were you at the theater last night?
10. Should we do our assignments now?

1. My sister is getting married soon. ____ yours?
2. Jack is looking for another job. I ____, too.
3. I like to make speeches. My roommate ____, too.
4. I can speak French very well. ____ you?
5. Your English is improving. ____ mine?
6. Bob gets two tickets to the graduation. ____ I get any?
7. You should go with him. ____ I?
8. I want to insure my house. Mr. King ____, too.
9. This calendar is out of date. ____ that one, too?
10. I polish my shoes every night. ____ you?

1. Did you tell her to leave right away?
2. Is the elevator out of order?
3. Are there three windows in the room?
4. Has Mr. Smith put off his trip until next week?
5. Does the class begin at 8:30 sharp?
6. Must you write your exercises in pencil?
7. Will Mary be in class tomorrow?
8. Are they going to the movies tonight?
9. Is he going to have the radio repaired?
10. Did he tell you not to come here any more?

1. Mr. Brown is an American.
2. They are late.
3. We weren’t hungry.
4. Bob can explain.
5. You have your lunch at one o’clock.
6. You don’t have to go just yet.
7. This winter hasn’t been cold.
8. You shouldn’t smoke.
9. Jane speaks English well.
10. I didn’t hurt you.

1. I mailed the letter. I swear it.
2. She lives in Taipei. I’m sure of it.
3. Dick took the book. He told me so.
4. He wrote that letter. I am positive of it.
5. You’re mistaken. I want to learn English.
6. John didn’t visit me but he called me on the phone.
7. I didn’t do it today but I did it yesterday.
8. Maps were then very poor but they showed that the earth was round.
9. Jim doesn’t study hard but he attends class regularly.
10. I didn’t go away on my vacation but I had a good rest.

1. The teacher has read the book. / His students have read the book.
2. He has gone home. / She has gone home.
3. The boy seems happy. / The girl seems happy.
4. Tom voted Bill chairman. / They would go with him.
5. He has been lazy lately.

1. This place won’t cash checks. / That place won’t cash checks.
2. Peter isn’t studying architecture. / John isn’t studying architecture.
3. The Smiths won’t be at the reception. / The Joneses won’t be at the reception.

1. I have never met Mrs. March. / Ben and Dick have met Mrs. March.
2. This pen is broken. / That pen isn’t broken.
3. Ann smokes. / Margaret doesn’t smoke.
4. Today’s cloudy. / Yesterday wasn’t cloudy.

1. I have never appreciated my friends and family so much.
2. We have rarely had such a great honor.
3. This town has seldom entertained such a famous guest.
4. Students rarely study as hard as they should.
5. The weather is very hot here only in August.
6. Such a thing could happen only in a big city like New York.
7. We rarely see such beautiful dancing in our small town.
8. People are interested in this problem in no other part of the world.
9. We had no sooner arrived than all the lights went out.
10. Miss Helen not only dances well; she also sings beautifully.

1. This is a book.
2. Isn’t that dress beautiful?
3. The three men walked for five miles.
4. How beautiful the moon is tonight!
5. We all breathe, eat and drink.
6. Bob, Jack and Dick went downtown with me yesterday.
7. That John eats cabbage means that he likes cabbage.
8. It is important for us to practice English every day.
9. Who do you think won the election?
10. Never have I seen this man before.

1. I am a ______.
2. They were his ______.
3. A dog is a ______.
4. The student in the next room is my ______.
5. John is an ______.
6. You are ______, aren’t you?
7. Jane is a very ______.
8. John and Jane are ______ from England.
9. They used to ______ good friends.
10. The ______ will be a great success.

1. I am very ______.
2. They were ______ than you.
3. It is quite ______ today.
4. The dinner was ______.
5. This book is more ______ than that one.
6. He used to be very ______.
7. I have been ______ for the past three days.
8. Jane is too ______ to walk.
9. The party last night ______ very successful.
10. You should ______ more careful from now on.

1. The books are ______.
2. Your friends are ______.
3. His house is across ______.
4. She is at ______.
5. He is out of ______.
6. Spain is ______.
7. Bob is over ______.
8. The bathroom is ______.
9. The bedrooms are ______.
10. The nearest town is ______ away from here.

1. A car is outside.
2. Only a footpath was here last year.
3. A sign is over the door.
4. A gas station is three miles away.
5. Some letters for you are on the table.
6. No one was in the room.
7. A lot of people were in the park yesterday.
8. An old friend of yours was at the concert last night.
9. A check will be in the mail next month.
10. Several students might have been in the library.

1. a letter for you
2. the letter for you
3. a good movie
4. the good movie
5. a new teacher
6. the new teacher
7. some questions
8. the questions
9. the dictionary
10. your friends

1. The weather was still cold. (continue)
2. She is faithful to him for the rest of her life. (stay)
3. Mr. Green is the richest man in town. (become)
4. Mr. Higgins is a very nice man. (seem)
5. They have been good friends for years. (stay)
6. He was silent and said nothing. (remain)
7. Dick is my best friend, despite our differences. (continue)
8. She was a widow until death. (remain)
9. He was afraid and said nothing. (become)
10. She will be a fine woman when she grows up. (become)

1. A rose ______ sweet.
2. Good medicine ______ bitter to the mouth.
3. How sweet the music ______!
4. Doesn’t the milk ______ sour to you?
5. Ice ______ cold.
6. His statement ______ true.
7. He ______ disappointed when I told him the news.
8. I wish those children would ______ quiet.
9. The days are ______ warmer and warmer.
10. The leaves are beginning to ______ red.

1. Is the soup hot? (cold)
2. Did Mrs. King get fat? (thin)
3. Was the room dark? (light)
4. Does the floor look clean? (dirty)
5. Did the students become quiet? (noisy)
6. Was the typewriter heavy? (light)
7. Did you feel well? (sick)
8. Were the streets wet? (dry)
9. Does your friend seem worried? (confident)
10. Do these flowers smell good? (awful)

1. The students were careful. (listen)
2. Mary is gentle. (speak)
3. Bob is honest. (work)
4. Jack was slow. (walk)
5. They were patient. (wait)
6. She was nervous. (talk)
7. He was quick. (answer)
8. You are diligent. (study)
9. Miss Taylor is beautiful. (dress)
10. They are loud. (speak)

1. Please sit, gentlemen. (down)
2. They can’t move now. (in)
3. Did John come yesterday? (over)
4. Can we start right now? (off)
5. What time did you wake this morning? (up)
6. Everybody please stand. (up)
7. Will you stop later on? (in)
8. He didn’t show yesterday. (up)
9. Don’t go before I tell you to. (away)
10. I can’t hold any longer. (on)

1. He remained a soldier all his life.
2. Mr. Wilson won the election.
3. I love dogs.
4. The students enjoyed the picnic.
5. We stayed good friends.
6. She had long hair.
7. The kitten became a cat.
8. The cat chased a mouse.
9. He is our schoolmaster.
10. They became parents.

1. He always answers my letter. (promptly)
2. The monkey climbed the tree. (easily)
3. They arrived after a long journey. (safely)
4. She waited for three hours. (patiently)
5. The children spent their money. (foolishly)
6. She makes decisions. (fast)
7. He walked into the room. (boldly)
8. The firemen climbed up the ladders. (rapidly)
9. The wind blew all afternoon. (violently)
10. They thought about the matter. (carefully)

1. They drove out the cat.
2. The soldiers blew up the bridge.
3. We have given up our plans.
4. She sent away her maid.
5. I will look over the reports.
6. Did the firemen put out the fire?
7. I’d like to try on that yellow wool coat.
8. Why are you holding off your decision?
9. The carpenter put away his tools and left the building.
10. He reached down and picked up the newspaper.

1. He thought ______ the idea.
2. We laughed ______ the question.
3. They arrived ______ the airport.
4. How did you get ______ the station?
5. They waited ______ a signal.
6. We decided ______ the plan.
7. She listened ______ the story carefully.
8. He is looking ______ his lost pen.
9. He found ______ his lost watch.
10. We called ______ the Johnsons last Wednesday.

1. Does Jane take after her mother? Yes, ______
2. Did he pick up the newspaper? Yes, ______
3. Should I take off my coat? Yes, ______
4. Can you turn off the machine? No, ______
5. Did he think over the matter? No, ______
6. Will you look into the problem? Yes, ______
7. Oughtn’t he to try out that radio before he buys it? Yes, ______
8. Don’t you care for this kind of candy? No, ______
9. Have they decided to put off their meeting? Yes, ______
10. Aren’t you going to see about the reservation for the concert? No, ______

1. Speak English. (me)
2. Write a letter. (him)
3. Take the money. (her)
4. Tell your story. (me)
5. Repeat the answer. (them)
6. Explain the problem. (her)
7. Send a check. (us)
8. Give your order. (them)
9. Lend your car. (me)
10. Report the accident. (them)

1. Show the pictures. (us)
2. Close the window. (him)
3. Get a table. (her)
4. Keep these papers. (them)
5. Find a place. (him)
6. Introduce your friend. (me)
7. Correct this sentence. (us)
8. Cook some dinner. (me)
9. Throw the ball. (them)
10. Call a taxi. (me)

1. Did he teach her English?
2. Did he sing songs to the children?
3. Did he feed the birds crumbs?
4. Did he give money to the Red Cross?
5. Did he tell the police his story?
6. Did he write a letter to his family?
7. Did he serve his guests lunch?
8. Did he rent his house to a family of seven?
9. Did he pay the employees last week’s salary?
10. Did he contribute all his money to charities?

1. Please give that lady the apples.
2. Mrs. Harris brought her children the toys.
3. Let’s offer Bob the job.
4. Mother read us the story.
5. I showed my friends the pictures.
6. The merchant promised the boy the reward.
7. Hand him the books.
8. We sold the Taylors our house.
9. I told the officer the truth.
10. The reporter sent his paper the story.

1. Did the committee appoint him? (chairman)
2. What did they name the baby? (Jane)
3. Did the students choose him? (president)
4. What did they nominate him? (treasurer)
5. Did they appoint him? (manager)
6. What did they vote her? (the most popular girl in the class)
7. Did you choose Tom? (spokesman for the family)
8. What are they going to elect him? (president)
9. Did the company appoint him? (superintendent)
10. What did you name the dog? (‘Snow White’)

1. How does Jane wear her hair? (short)
2. How did you find the hotel? (delightful)
3. What color did you paint the walls? (white)
4. How do you want your coffee? (strong)
5. How does Bob play his radio? (loud)
6. How do you find English, simple or complicated? (simple)
7. How do you like your steak, rare, medium or well-done? (well-done)
8. How do you prefer your vegetables, cooked or raw? (cooked)
9. How do they serve fruit in China, peeled or unpeeled? (unpeeled)
10. What do historians call George Washington? (the father of his country)

1. We made him a member.
2. We made him an offer.
3. We called him a taxi.
4. We called him a pest.
5. We left him a happy person.
6. We left him a tip.
7. We made him a promise.
8. We made him a success.
9. We found him an audience.
10. We found him an unhappy person.

1. push / open → (We) push (the door) open?
2. set / free → (They) set (the prisoner) free.
3. keep / warm → (She) keep (the baby) warm.
4. make / angry → (His words) make (her) angry.
5. cut / short → (He) cut (his hair) short.
6. believe / innocent → (I) believe (him) innocent.
7. judge / insane → (The court) judge (him) insane.
8. consider / good English → (They) consider (it) good English.
9. find / a hard worker → (We) find (her) a hard worker.
10. leave / a mess → (He) leave (the room) a mess.

1. I am smelling a flower.
2. I have just heated up the coffee.
3. Did you ever talk to him?
4. You should read this more carefully.
5. You should have finished it long time ago.
6. He must have been tired.
7. Will you please help me on this?
8. I must be going now.
9. I have been hearing a good deal about you.
10. She may not be able to see you.

1. I smell something.
2. He may come next week.
3. I would like some tea, please.
4. She will go tomorrow.
5. Did you have your breakfast?
6. How brightly the sun is shining!
7. What brought you back tonight?
8. I have been in America and Europe.
9. She said she had been there.
10. He had made A on all three tests.

1. (come) He ______ to dinner every Sunday. ( )
2. (listen) She ______ to the radio in the evening. ( )
3. (study) John ______ every afternoon from four to six. ( )
4. (paint) We ______ every nice afternoon. ( )
5. (meet) He and I ______ every weekend. ( )
6. (write) He ______ his mother every week. ( )
7. (strike) It ______ every quarter-hour. ( )
8. (read) She ______ a story every evening. ( )
9. (play) Bob ______ baseball with his friends after school. ( )
10. (complain) Mary ______ all the time. ( )

1. (try) They ______ to get in after the show had begun. ( )
2. (stay) He ______ after the other guests had left. ( )
3. (watch) They ______ TV last night. ( )
4. (help) The review course ______ me pass my exams. ( )
5. (close) The store ______ early last Sunday. ( )
6. (wash) The janitor ______ windows all day yesterday. ( )
7. (use) We ______ a lot of coal during the last cold spell. ( )
8. (start) The train ______ late last night. ( )
9. (promise) He ______ to deliver the goods promptly. ( )
10. (arrive) The package ______ last Saturday. ( )

1. She (arrive) tomorrow.
2. I (be) back at noon.
3. We (take) a walk in the park.
4. You (buy) a dictionary.
5. He (go) home by subway.
6. I (eat) by myself.
7. Nobody (tell) him what to do.
8. Alice (wear) her best suit.
9. They (put) the mail on my desk.
10. It (cost) ten dollars.

1. I travel a lot. (you)
2. We played handball last week. (they)
3. They will travel by plane. (I)
4. Mary studies all the time. (Alice)
5. I enjoy going to concerts. (my brother)
6. Lawyers and actors talk a lot in their work. (businessmen)
7. I like studying in the library. (Bob)
8. Jack asked a lot of questions. (Joe)
9. They will have a meeting tomorrow. (we)
10. Dick will get a raise this week. (you)

1. Was he studying? (Ken, write on the blackboard)
2. Are they coming today? (he, leave)
3. Were you talking? (the man, lie in the next room)
4. Are you eating now? (your mother, bake a cake)
5. Was it raining? (the stars, shine brightly)
6. Will they be swimming? (you, take a piano lesson)
7. Is the typist improving? (you, improve your English pronunciation)
8. Is the patient in Room 103 getting better today? (the little boys, behave well)
9. Was she standing at the gate? (the car, go at a full speed)
10. Are the little boys learning to swim? (Miriam, get dressed up for the party)

1. He has written a letter.
2. They have listened.
3. We have heard about that.
4. She has thought about that.
5. I have ridden this train.
6. They have built a new building.
7. We have paid taxes.
8. She has worried about her job.
9. It has rained for an hour.
10. The government has talked about it for years.

1. Miss Harris ______ English, but she ______ geography. (teach)
2. Bob ______ German, but he ______ French. (know)
3. My father ______ tea, but he ______ coffee. (like)
4. That author ______ novels, but he ______ poems. (write)
5. Jack’s wife ______ blue, but she ______ green. (wear)
6. The baker ______ bread, but he ______ cake. (make)
7. We ______ rice, but we ______ potatoes. (eat)
8. This class ______ music, but it ______ painting. (study)
9. The cafeteria ______ lunch, but it ______ breakfast. (serve)
10. The students here ______ baseball, but they ______ football. (play)

1. John always finishes his lessons early.
2. The wind always blows hard at this season of the year.
3. Both children dress very quickly every morning.
4. He often brings flowers to her.
5. Mr. Connor always begins his lectures on time.
6. She speaks with an accent.
7. He generally writes detective stories.
8. We usually put the mail in this box.
9. A car stops in front of the house.
10. They save money for their vacation.

1. Robert is trying hard.
2. They are coming here now.
3. He is making furniture as a hobby.
4. Walter is driving much too fast.
5. Mary is doing her shopping with her mother.
6. John is walking to school with me.
7. We are waiting for you in the street.
8. She is helping me with my lesson.
9. He is lying on the bed at this moment.
10. We are studying in the same class now.

1. He (prepare) his homework now.
2. The leaves (begin) to fall from the trees.
3. Helen (write) a letter to her friend.
4. Look! That is Stephen who (get) on the bus.
5. The telephone (ring) in the next room.
6. The paper (lie) on my desk.
7. Several people (sit) in the lobby.
8. The students (argue) with the professor.
9. The plant (die) from lack of water.
10. I (work) my way through college.

1. Henry and Helen (walk) to school with us every morning.
2. We (learn) our lesson well.
3. Ralph often (use) my book during the lesson.
4. He (count) all the books in the library now.
5. It generally (snow) very hard at this time of the year.
6. The alarm clock (ring) at six in the morning every day.
7. Listen! The telephone (ring) in the next room.
8. The teacher (praise) Jane. She (want) the girl to try harder.
9. Now that the flowers (bloom), the garden (smell) good.
10. Today Jane (wear) her sister’s dress. She certainly (resemble) her, doesn’t she?

1. Is he in his room? Is he sleeping? →
2. Are they in the other room? Are they arguing? →
3. Are you sitting? Are you waiting? →
4. Are they at the bank? Are they cashing a check? →
5. Are you busy? Are you working? →
6. Are they downtown? Are they having dinner? →
7. Is he with his students? Is he teaching them? →
8. Is she in the kitchen? Is she cooking? →
9. Are the children in the yard? Are they playing? →
10. Is your brother here? Is he looking for you? →

1. I (already read) the book.
2. He (go) to the United States.
3. She (be) to Japan several times.
4. The man (never speak) to me.
5. George (bring) my book at last.
6. I (not hear) from him since last year.
7. She (not buy) a new hat for six months.
8. I (often walk) to school with her.
9. Up to the present, I (never meet) him.
10. The boy said, “I (make) a mistake.”

1. They have lived in this street ……(a) 1920; (b) the last three years; (c) a long time; (d) over a year.
2. It hasn’t rained here …… (a) more than a month; (b) April; (c) two months; (d) many weeks.
3. I haven’t bought any new dress……(a) a week; (b) ages; (c) then; (d) longer than I can remember.
4. Bob hasn’t eaten any meat (a) his childhood; (b) over a year; (c) he was a boy; (d) at least a month.
5. You have asked the same question every day ….. (a) last Sunday; (b) fifteen days; (c) the beginning of the year; (d) your birthday.

1. Where have you been ______ last week?
2. You haven’t been here ______ a week.
3. He has practiced English ______ three hours.
4. He has practiced French ______ three o’clock this afternoon.
5. We haven’t done any work ______ a month.
6. Nothing has been done ______ January.
7. They have been talking ______ an hour and a half.
8. I have been very busy ______ last week.
9. My wife has been very happy ______ the last week.
10. Alice has been reading that book ______ the last two hours.

1. I (live) here since 1956.
2. (You wait) long for me?
3. He (work) here for many years.
4. The man (stand) at the gate since noon.
5. They (play) tennis all the afternoon.
6. He (speak) English all his life.
7. My mother (feel) much better recently.
8. Look! That light (burn) all night.
9. I know you (talk) about grammar for the last half an hour, but I’m afraid I (not listen).
10. What (you do) while I have been out? We (sit) here writing our homework.

1. I (not see) you for a long time.
2. He (not be) here since Christmas. I wonder where he (live) since then.
3. That book (lie) on the table for weeks. (You not read) it yet?
4. He (not have) a holiday for nine years because he (be) too busy.
5. I (try) to learn English for years, but I (not succeed) yet.
6. I (wait) here for her since seven o’clock and she (not come) yet.
7. (You be) asleep all the morning? I (ring) the bell for the last twenty minutes.
8. He (work) so hard this week that he (not have) time to go to the barber’s.
9. We (live) here for the last six months, and (just decide) to move.
10. I (not find) a wife, though I (look) for one ever since I was twenty-five.

1. I started looking for it yesterday. I am still looking. →
2. It started rising at dawn. It is still rising. →
3. He started thinking about it last night. He is still thinking. →
4. We started studying at nine. We are still studying. →
5. They started building it in 1960. They are still building it. →
6. He started teaching here ten years ago. He is still teaching here. →
7. She started writing the novel last month. She is still writing it. →
8. It started raining early this morning. It is still raining. →
9. He started saving money when he was young. He is still saving money. →
10. They started arguing an hour ago. They are still arguing. →

1. We go to a shop. →
2. He hides the key. →
3. He loses his bag. →
4. They drink tea every day. →
5. You lie to me. →
6. She tells us a story. →
7. The hen lays five eggs. →
8. Tom falls and hurts his arm. →
9. The picture hangs on the wall. →
10. They build a house. →

1. My sister (not write) to me lately.
2. I (write) a letter to them yesterday.
3. She (not buy) a new dress since last year.
4. I (buy) one last week.
5. They (visit) Japan a few years ago.
6. I (never visit) Japan up to the present.
7. I (not have) a good sleep last night.
8. I (not have) a good sleep since last week.
9. She (not have) a holiday for four years.
10. We (finish) our supper half an hour ago.
11. I (not finish) these sums yet.
12. We (not pay) our rent for over three weeks.
13. I (pay) this bill last Wednesday.
14. He (study) English for two years.
15. She (study) music since she (be) a child.
16. He (certainly arrive) by this time.
17. Since when (you know) him?
18. When (you meet) him?
19. How long ago (you arrive) here?
20. Although he (study) at the university for four years, he (not get) his degree yet.

1. She is away (this morning). →
2. I see her (three months). →
3. A lot happens (my arrival here). →
4. She does not eat (the day before yesterday). →
5. It all begins (a few years). →
6. I have a physical checkup (quite a long time). →
7. The property is in her name (their marriage). →
8. He reads three books (breakfast). →
9. She makes the beds (then). →
10. They do not see each other (last summer). →

1. He (go) downtown every weekend.
2. He (go) abroad last week.
3. I (be) sick since last week.
4. She (read) a newspaper now.
5. My last car was a Ford. I (have) it for two years.
6. My present car is a Ford. I (have) it for one year.
7. He (not look) so strong as he (do) last semester.
8. I (hear) the news last night, but I (not hear) it today.
9. At present he (write) a letter; it is the tenth letter he (write) this week.
10. When we (exercise) in the sun, we (feel) very hot.
11. I (feel) much better since I (come) here.
12. I (feel) much better since I (be) here.

1. We (study) when the teacher arrived.
2. I (read) a book when he came in.
3. They (eat) in a restaurant when I saw them.
4. The sun (shine) when we went out.
5. When you telephoned, I (still have) my dinner.
6. He came in while you (write).
7. He (work) all day yesterday.
8. It (rain) at six o’clock this morning.
9. I took another cake when you (not look).
10. While you (play) the piano I (write) a letter.

1. He sat in the garden. →
2. They walked home. →
3. She ate her dinner. →
4. The man left his home. →
5. Mrs. Brown drank a cup of coffee. →
6. Mr. Wood listened to the radio. →
7. The teacher explained the grammar. →
8. Mary spoke English. →
9. We had supper. →
10. They went to the movie. →

1. The sun (shine) at two o’clock.
2. The fire (still burn) at five o’clock this morning.
3. He (rest) all the afternoon.
4. I (go) to the movies last night.
5. I (go) to the movies when you telephoned.
6. The First World War (begin) in 1914 and (end) in 1918.
7. He (sit) in the room when I (see) him.
8. We (become) friends when we (be) students in the university.
9. The boy (fall) down while he (run).
10. When I (be) at school, I (learn) English.
11. He (walk) across the bridge when his hat (blow) off.
12. We (drink) coffee every day when we (be) in the United States.
13. The boy (jump) off the train while it (move).
14. The house (burn) fast, so we (break) a window to get out.
15. When I (see) him, he (sing) and (smoke) a cigar at the same time.
16. While he (get) off the street car, he (fall) and (cut) his face.
17. I (speak) to her several times, but she (always read) and (not hear) me.
18. He (think) of something else all the time you (talk) to him.
19. I (open) the door just as he (ring) the bell.
20. While she (write) a letter, the telephone (ring); as she (go) to answer it, she (hear) a knock at the door; the telephone (still ring) while she (walk) to the door, but just as she (open) it, it (stop).

1. When I arrived at the station, the train (already leave).
2. He (finish) his work before he went home.
3. By the time we got there, the party (begin).
4. She (not eat) anything since the morning, so she was very hungry.
5. I (never see) such a beautiful place before I visited Guilin.
6. They (live) in that house for 20 years before they moved to Beijing.
7. By nine o’clock last night, I (write) three letters.
8. He (learn) French for 3 years before he went to France.
9. When the police arrived, the thief (escape).
10. We (not hear) from him for a long time before he called us last week.

1. After he (do) his homework, he (go) to bed.
2. Before I (see) him, I (hear) a lot about him.
3. When I (arrive) at the cinema, the film (already start).
4. He (not know) that his friend (die) the day before.
5. She (tell) me that she (visit) London twice.
6. We (wait) for him for an hour before he (come).
7. By the time the doctor (arrive), the patient (already die).
8. He (say) that he (never meet) her before.
9. I (find) the key which I (lose) the day before.
10. They (build) the bridge last year; they (start) it in 2018.

1. When I (get) to the station, the train (leave).
2. He (not eat) for 24 hours, so he (be) very hungry.
3. She (study) English for 5 years before she (go) to America.
4. By the end of last year, we (learn) 2000 English words.
5. I (not see) him for a long time, so I (not recognize) him at first.
6. After they (finish) their dinner, they (go) for a walk.
7. When I (ask) him about it, he (tell) me that he (forget) all about it.
8. We (be) late because we (miss) the bus.
9. He (apologize) because he (be) late.
10. Before I (move) to this city, I (live) in a small town for 10 years.

1. She cans speak three languages.（ ）
2. May I borrow your pen?（ ）
3. He must to finish his homework first.（ ）
4. Do you will go to the party tomorrow?（ ）
5. They shouldn’t have told him the secret.（ ）
6. She may not coming today.（ ）
7. Need he go there right now?（ ）
8. He is will visit his grandparents next week.（ ）
9. We might have missed the train.（ ）
10. Ought he to do it alone?（ ）

1. ______ you speak Japanese? No, I ______ not.
2. She ______ play the violin when she was a child, but now she ______ not.
3. After practicing for a month, he ______ ______ ______ run 5 kilometers.
4. ______ I borrow your umbrella? It’s raining.
5. It ______ be dangerous to walk alone at night.
6. He ______ not finish the work yesterday, but he ______ finish it today.
7. ______ you pass me the salt, please?
8. My grandfather ______ ______ ______ climb mountains when he was 70.
9. That ______ not be true. He is an honest man.
10. When ______ we ______ see you again?

1. ______ I use your dictionary? I need to look up a word.
2. It ______ rain this afternoon, so take an umbrella.
3. He ______ not be able to come. He has a meeting.
4. ______ you have a long and happy life!
5. She ______ have forgotten about the appointment. Let’s call her.
6. ______ I smoke here? No, you ______ not.
7. The exam ______ be easier than we thought.
8. He ______ not like the gift. I’m not sure.
9. They ______ have left early. The office is empty.
10. ______ I borrow your bike for an hour?

1. ______ you please close the door? It’s cold outside.
2. I ______ never forget the day we met.
3. He said he ______ come to the party, but he didn’t.
4. ______ you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?
5. When I was a child, I ______ often visit my grandparents.
6. She ______ not listen to anyone’s advice. It’s useless to talk to her.
7. The train ______ arrive at 8 o’clock. Don’t worry.
8. ______ you marry me? Yes, I ______.
9. They ______ always go for a walk after dinner when they lived in Paris.
10. I ______ help you with your homework if you need it.

1. ______ we go to the park this weekend?
2. You ______ not smoke in public places. It’s against the law.
3. He ______ have told me the truth. I’m very angry with him.
4. ______ the students wear uniforms to school? Yes, it’s a school rule.
5. She ______ study harder if she wants to pass the exam.
6. ______ I help you carry the bags?
7. They ______ arrive at 6 o’clock. The train is on time.
8. You ______ not drink too much alcohol. It’s bad for your health.
9. The company ______ provide training for new employees.
10. ______ we order some food? I’m hungry.

1. You ______ not talk loudly in the library. It’s rude.
2. She ______ finish the report today. The deadline is tomorrow.
3. I ______ go to the bank yesterday. I needed to withdraw money.
4. They ______ be at home. Their lights are on.
5. You ______ to visit your grandparents more often. They miss you.
6. He ______ not drive so fast. It’s dangerous.
7. We ______ wait for the bus. There’s no other way to get there.
8. She ______ have called me. I was worried about her.
9. You ______ wear a seatbelt when you drive. It’s the law.
10. I ______ study hard for the exam. I want to get a good grade.

1. ______ I finish this work today? No, you ______ not.
2. He ______ to finish the work before 5 o’clock.
3. She ______ not tell him the truth. He will be angry.
4. The garden ______ watering. It’s dry.
5. ______ he ______ to jump over the fence? Yes, he does.
6. You ______ not worry about me. I’m fine.
7. They ______ not ______ to oppose the plan. It’s too risky.
8. This shirt ______ to be washed.
9. ______ you ______ to ask her out? No, I don’t.
10. We ______ not hurry. We have plenty of time.

1. He said, “I can speak French.” → He said that ______ ______ speak French.
2. She said, “I may go to the party.” → She said that ______ ______ go to the party.
3. They said, “We will finish the work tomorrow.” → They said that ______ ______ finish the work ______ ______.
4. The teacher said, “You should study hard.” → The teacher said that ______ ______ study hard.
5. He said, “I must go now.” → He said that ______ ______ ______ go ______.
6. She said, “I dare not do it.” → She said that ______ ______ not do it.
7. They said, “We needn’t hurry.” → They said that ______ ______ not hurry.
8. He said, “I will help you.” → He said that ______ ______ help ______.
9. She said, “May I use your phone?” → She asked if ______ ______ use ______ phone.
10. The doctor said, “You ought to rest.” → The doctor said that ______ ______ to rest.

1. He ______ (can / was able to) finish the task in time, although it was difficult.
2. You ______ (must / have to) wear a helmet when you ride a bike. It’s the law.
3. ______ (May / Can) he be at home? I’m not sure.
4. She ______ (should have / must have) forgotten the meeting. She’s usually on time.
5. He ______ (dare not / doesn’t dare to) speak in front of a large audience.
6. The room ______ (needs to clean / needs cleaning). It’s very dirty.
7. You ______ (mustn’t / needn’t) smoke here. It’s a non-smoking area.
8. They ______ (may / can) have missed the train. Let’s call them.
9. I ______ (must / had to) go to bed early last night because I was tired.
10. ______ (Need / Do you need to) I help you with your luggage?

1. He can to play the guitar very well.（ ）
2. You mustn’t to be late for the meeting.（ ）
3. She may have not finished the work.（ ）
4. We should have went to the cinema yesterday.（ ）
5. He doesn’t dare speak to her.（ ）
6. The car needs to be repair.（ ）
7. May you have a happy new year!（ ）
8. He must to have left early.（ ）
9. Could you to pass me the salt?（ ）
10. She can be able to solve the problem.（ ）

1. write →
2. speak →
3. build →
4. finish →
5. solve →
6. plant →
7. make →
8. do →
9. send →
10. paint →

1. People use computers in many fields. →
2. She is teaching the children English. →
3. They have built a new hospital in the city. →
4. He wrote the novel last year. →
5. We were repairing the road at that time. →
6. They had completed the project before the deadline. →
7. She will type the report tomorrow. →
8. We must obey the rules. →
9. Everyone should respect the elderly. →
10. They need to improve the system. →

1. She sent me an email. → ① ______ ② ______
2. The company offered him a good job. → ① ______ ② ______
3. My mother made me a cake. → ① ______ ② ______
4. The teacher taught us a new lesson. → ① ______ ② ______
5. He lent his friend some money. → ① ______ ② ______

1. We keep the room clean. →
2. They consider him a hero. →
3. The boss made the workers work overtime. →
4. We found the story interesting. →
5. They appointed her manager of the department. →

1. Many people ______ (visit) the museum every year.（主动/被动）
2. The museum ______ (visit) by many people every year.（主动/被动）
3. Someone ______ (steal) my wallet yesterday.（主动/被动）
4. My wallet ______ (steal) yesterday.（主动/被动）
5. Scientists ______ (develop) a new drug for cancer.（主动/被动）
6. A new drug for cancer ______ (develop) by scientists.（主动/被动）
7. They ______ (build) a new school in our town.（主动/被动）
8. A new school ______ (build) in our town.（主动/被动）
9. People ______ (speak) Chinese all over the world.（主动/被动）
10. Chinese ______ (speak) by people all over the world.（主动/被动）

1. The meeting was happened at 9 o’clock.（ ）
2. She was seemed very happy.（ ）
3. He was had a good time at the party.（ ）
4. The book is written by Lu Xun.（ ）
5. The door is closed by him.（ ）
6. She avoided to be criticized.（ ）
7. The task needs to be finished on time.（ ）
8. The sun is risen in the east.（ ）
9. He was died in 2020.（ ）
10. English is spoken all over the world.（ ）

1. ______ (They / The letter) sent the letter yesterday.（日常交流，突出执行者）
2. ______ (The letter / They) was sent yesterday.（强调信件，执行者不重要）
3. ______ (We / The data) analyzed the data carefully.（学术报告，突出研究过程）
4. ______ (The data / We) were analyzed carefully.（学术报告，突出数据结果）
5. ______ (Someone / My phone) stole my phone on the bus.（执行者未知，简洁表达）
6. ______ (My phone / Someone) was stolen on the bus.（执行者未知，突出手机）
7. ______ (She / The cake) baked a delicious cake for the party.（日常交流，突出动作）
8. ______ (The cake / She) was baked by her for the party.（强调蛋糕，突出制作者）
9. ______ (The government / The new policy) introduced the new policy last year.（新闻报道，突出政府行为）
10. ______ (The new policy / The government) was introduced last year.（新闻报道，突出政策）

We conducted a survey among 500 college students last month. We asked the students about their study habits and daily routines. We collected the data through online questionnaires. We analyzed the data using SPSS software. We found that 60% of the students study for more than 4 hours a day. We also found that most students prefer to study in the library. We will publish the full results in next month’s journal.

改写：

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

1. 这本书被翻译成了多种语言。
2. 有人在公园发现了一只受伤的鸟。
3. 我们应该尊重每个人的意见。
4. 这座桥建于1998年。
5. 他们正在修理道路，所以交通很拥堵。
6. 这个问题必须立即解决。
7. 他的祖父于2010年去世。
8. 全世界都在使用互联网。
9. 老师给我们布置了很多作业。
10. 据说他是一位著名的科学家。

1. If I have time, I will visit you.（ ）
2. If I had time, I would visit you.（ ）
3. She wishes she could fly.（ ）
4. He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.（ ）
5. If she had known the truth, she would not have made that mistake.（ ）
6. As if he were a stranger.（ ）
7. If you heat water, it boils.（ ）
8. I suggest that he be present at the meeting.（ ）
9. If they come tomorrow, we will have a party.（ ）
10. If they came tomorrow, we would have a party.（ ）

1. If I ______ (have) time, I ______ (go) to the party with you.（与现在事实相反：我没时间）
2. If she ______ (be) here, she ______ (help) us.（与现在事实相反：她不在）
3. If we ______ (study) harder, we ______ (pass) the exam.（与过去事实相反：没努力，没通过）
4. If he ______ (not miss) the bus, he ______ (not be) late.（与过去事实相反：错过了公交车，迟到了）
5. If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, we ______ (cancel) the picnic.（未来假设：可能性低）
6. If I ______ (know) the answer, I ______ (tell) you.（与过去事实相反：当时不知道）
7. ______ (be) I you, I ______ (not do) that.（省略if倒装，与现在事实相反）
8. ______ (have) he known the truth, he ______ (act) differently.（省略if倒装，与过去事实相反）
9. If the plan ______ (succeed), we ______ (achieve) our goal.（未来假设：可能性低）
10. If she ______ (practice) more, she ______ (play) the piano better.（与现在事实相反：不常练习）

1. He is not rich, so he can’t buy a big house. → If he were rich, ______
2. She didn’t study, so she failed the exam. → If she had studied, ______
3. I don’t have a car, so I can’t drive you to the airport. → If I had a car, ______
4. They missed the train, so they were late for the meeting. → If they had not missed the train, ______
5. It may not rain tomorrow, so we will have a picnic. → If it rained tomorrow, ______
6. He is busy, so he can’t help us. → If he were not busy, ______
7. She didn’t see the email, so she didn’t reply. → If she had seen the email, ______
8. I can’t speak French, so I can’t talk to the French tourists. → If I could speak French, ______
9. They don’t have enough money, so they can’t travel abroad. → If they had enough money, ______
10. He didn’t take the medicine, so he didn’t get better. → If he had taken the medicine, ______

1. 我希望我现在在上海。（实际不在）→ I wish ______
2. 她希望自己会弹钢琴。（实际不会）→ She wishes ______
3. 他希望昨天没迟到。（实际迟到了）→ He wishes ______
4. 我们希望能有更多假期。（实际假期少）→ We wish ______
5. 我希望你能来参加我的生日派对。（实际可能不来）→ I wish ______
6. 她希望自己没买那件衣服。（实际买了）→ She wishes ______
7. 他希望天气能变好。（实际天气不好）→ He wishes ______
8. 我希望我知道答案。（实际不知道）→ I wish ______
9. 他们希望去年去了北京。（实际没去）→ They wish ______
10. 她希望能说流利的英语。（实际不流利）→ She wishes ______

1. He talks as if he ______ (be) the boss.（实际不是）
2. She walks as if she ______ (hurt) her leg.（实际没受伤）
3. It seems as if it ______ (rain) soon.（可能真实）
4. He acts as if he ______ (know) the secret.（实际不知道）
5. She looks as if she ______ (not sleep) well last night.（实际没睡好）
6. They behave as if they ______ (win) the game.（实际没赢）
7. It feels as if we ______ (be) in a dream.（实际不是）
8. He speaks English as if he ______ (study) it for years.（实际刚学）
9. She smiles as if she ______ (hear) a funny joke.（可能真实）
10. He acts as if he ______ (never see) her before.（实际见过）

1. The teacher suggested that we ______ (review) our lessons regularly.（建议）
2. It is necessary that he ______ (finish) the work on time.（必要）
3. The doctor advised that she ______ (not eat) too much sugar.（建议）
4. He ordered that the door ______ (lock) immediately.（命令）
5. It is important that we ______ (protect) the environment.（重要）
6. She requested that we ______ (keep) quiet during the meeting.（要求）
7. It is strange that he ______ (be) late again.（奇怪）
8. The committee proposed that the plan ______ (discuss) further.（提议）
9. It is urgent that we ______ (take) action at once.（紧急）
10. He insisted that we ______ (accept) his invitation.（坚持要求）

1. If I was you, I would not do that.（ ）
2. If she had enough money, she would have bought the dress.（ ）
3. He wishes he can fly like a bird.（ ）
4. I suggest that he should came early.（ ）
5. As if he knows the answer.（实际不知道）（ ）
6. If they will come tomorrow, we would have a party.（ ）
7. It is necessary that he finishes his homework first.（ ）
8. She wishes she had not went to the party.（ ）
9. If he had not made a mistake, he would not be punished.（与过去事实相反）（ ）
10. He talks as if he had been there yesterday.（实际没去）（ ）

1. 如果我是你，我会接受这个工作。
2. 如果他昨天来了，他就能见到她了。
3. 我希望我没说过那些话。
4. 她看起来好像什么都知道。
5. 重要的是我们应该立即采取行动。
6. 如果明天下雪，我们就不去爬山了。
7. 他建议我们应该早点出发。
8. 如果我有更多时间，我会学习弹吉他。
9. 他们希望去年去了海南。
10. 他表现得好像从没犯过错误。

1. 一般式（主动）：to speak →
2. 一般式（被动）：to be →
3. 完成式（主动）：to see →
4. 完成式（被动）：to do →
5. 进行式：to study →
6. 否定式：to go →
7. 一般式（主动）：to write →
8. 一般式（被动）：to help →
9. 完成式（主动）：to finish →
10. 否定式：to eat →

1. She can ______ (play) the piano very well.
2. My mother made me ______ (clean) my room.
3. I want ______ (visit) my grandparents next weekend.
4. We saw him ______ (cross) the street.
5. You had better ______ (start) early.
6. He decided ______ (not attend) the meeting.
7. Why not ______ (ask) for help?
8. She seems ______ (have) a lot of friends.
9. The teacher told us ______ (study) hard.
10. He is said ______ (be) a famous writer.

1. 一般式（主动）：speak →
2. 一般式（被动）：invite →
3. 完成式（主动）：see →
4. 完成式（被动）：do →
5. 否定式：go →
6. 一般式（主动）：write →
7. 一般式（被动）：help →
8. 完成式（主动）：finish →
9. 否定式：eat →
10. 所有格形式（逻辑主语Tom）：come →

1. ______ (swim) is my favorite sport.
2. He is interested in ______ (learn) English.
3. She apologized for ______ (not come) to the meeting.
4. ______ (have) finished his homework, he went out to play.
5. I don’t mind ______ (wait) for you.
6. ______ (be) criticized by the teacher made him sad.
7. Tom’s ______ (win) the competition made us proud.
8. She is good at ______ (play) the guitar.
9. ______ (not tell) him the truth was a mistake.
10. He dreamed of ______ (become) a doctor.

1. ______ To learn English well is not easy.（ ）（ ）
2. ______ She enjoys playing the piano.（ ）（ ）
3. ______ His dream is to become a scientist.（ ）（ ）
4. ______ This is a reading room.（ ）（ ）
5. ______ He went to the library to borrow books.（ ）（ ）
6. ______ It is necessary to finish the work on time.（ ）（ ）
7. ______ I regret not accepting your invitation.（ ）（ ）
8. ______ The book to read is on the desk.（ ）（ ）
9. ______ Having failed the exam, he felt sad.（ ）（ ）
10. ______ My favorite activity is swimming.（ ）（ ）

1. She wants ______ (visit) her grandparents next week.
2. He enjoys ______ (play) the guitar.
3. I remember ______ (meet) her before, but I can’t remember her name.
4. Don’t forget ______ (bring) your homework tomorrow.
5. She suggested ______ (go) to the cinema.
6. He tried ______ (solve) the problem, but he failed.
7. I regret ______ (tell) you that you didn’t pass the exam.
8. They decided ______ (not go) to the party.
9. She stopped ______ (talk) when the teacher came in.
10. He promised ______ (help) me with my English.

1. I regret ______ (to say / saying) that I can’t help you.（遗憾要告诉你）
2. I regret ______ (to say / saying) those words to you.（后悔对你说了那些话）
3. She tried ______ (to open / opening) the door with the key, but it didn’t work.（尝试开门）
4. She tried ______ (to open / opening) the door, but she couldn’t.（努力开门）
5. He stopped ______ (to drink / drinking) water because he was full.（停止喝水）
6. He stopped ______ (to drink / drinking) water on his way to school.（停下来喝水）
7. Mean ______ (to do / doing) it, I didn’t hurt you on purpose.（打算做）
8. Missing the train means ______ (to wait / waiting) for another hour.（意味着）
9. I remember ______ (to post / posting) the letter, but it didn’t arrive.（记得寄过）
10. Remember ______ (to post / posting) the letter on your way to work.（记得要寄）

1. It is important ______ us ______ (learn) English well.
2. She finds ______ easy ______ (solve) this problem.
3. He is interested ______ ______ (play) computer games.
4. They insisted ______ ______ (go) there by themselves.
5. I saw him ______ (cross) the street. → He was seen ______ (cross) the street.
6. It is a pleasure ______ ______ (help) you.
7. She has a habit ______ ______ (get) up early.
8. My mother made me ______ (clean) my room. → I was made ______ (clean) my room.
9. He is afraid ______ ______ (be) late.
10. It is difficult ______ him ______ (finish) the work in such a short time.

1. He decided to not attend the meeting.（ ）
2. She is good at to play the piano.（ ）
3. Finishing his homework, he went out to play.（ ）
4. I saw him to cross the street.（ ）
5. It is important for us learning English well.（ ）
6. She regrets to tell you that you failed the exam.（语义：后悔告诉）（ ）
7. He is afraid to be criticized.（ ）（提示：正确，但需区分be afraid to do与be afraid of doing，此处无错，若表“害怕发生某事”用of doing）
8. My mother let me to watch TV for an hour.（ ）
9. Not to know what to do, he asked for help.（ ）
10. She enjoys to read novels in her free time.（ ）

1. 学习英语很重要。
2. 他喜欢听音乐。
3. 我记得把书放在桌子上了。
4. 别忘了明天带你的作业。
5. 她决定明年出国留学。
6. 他建议我们早点出发。
7. 我发现学法语很难。
8. 他停止吸烟了。
9. 因为生病，他没去上学。
10. 有人看见他离开了大楼。

1. What a wonderful performance!（ ）
2. Please pass the salt.（ ）
3. Where have you been?（ ）
4. Good night!（ ）
5. He finished his work on time.（ ）
6. Don’t touch that!（ ）
7. Ouch! That hurts.（ ）
8. Will you help me?（ ）
9. Let’s go for a walk.（ ）
10. You there! Come here.（ ）

1. That house is very big. →
2. That is a very big house. →
3. This story is very interesting. →
4. Your brother is very intelligent. →
5. These cameras are very expensive. →
6. He has been very foolish. →
7. She dances very gracefully. →
8. She is singing very sweetly. →
9. He teaches very well. →
10. She is very fond of the dog. →
11. He is very afraid of his father. →
12. She made a very pretty doll. →
13. He wrote a very long letter. →
14. He wrote a letter very nicely. →
15. Our life here on earth is very strange. →
16. He behaved very strangely when he heard the news. →
17. This world would be very lonely if you were away. →
18. You will easily imagine I am very happy. →
19. I wish to succeed. →
20. He talked nonsense. →

1. You will come back later. →
2. You will be careful. →
3. You will wait for me on the corner. →
4. You will be here by ten. →
5. You will remove the stone from the road. →
6. Girls! You will sit on these chairs. →
7. Boys! You will study in the next room. →
8. You will just let me try once. →
9. You will pay attention to me while I am talking. →
10. You will ask her to go to the movie with us this morning. →

1. Come back a little later. →
2. Wait for me after the lesson. →
3. Get on this bus. →
4. Call me by telephone tonight. →
5. Ask her to go to the movie with us. →
6. Tell him that we are waiting. →
7. Help me to remove the stone from the road. →
8. Give him your telephone number. →
9. Step into the dining room. →
10. Bring two or three friends. →

1. Drink up your tea! →
2. Cover up your legs! →
3. Clear up this mess! →
4. Do up your buttons! →
5. Eat up your dinner! →
6. Pick up that book! →
7. Pull up all the weeds! →
8. Wake up your brother! →
9. Read out the message aloud! →
10. Take out your friend to lunch! →
11. Put out your tongue! →
12. Pour out the tea! →
13. Turn out the light! →
14. Put on your coat! →
15. Take off your shoes! →
16. Take away these dishes! →
17. Write down these sentences in pencil! →
18. Put back the clock one hour! →
19. Switch on the light! →
20. Turn off the radio! →

1. Fold the paper. →
2. Please leave the room. →
3. Let’s forget our homework. →
4. Listen to what he says. →
5. Lay hands on the desk, please. →
6. Let’s play in class. →
7. Be kind to me. →
8. Put down your pens. →
9. Let us wait. →
10. Read out the letter aloud, please. →

1. Shall we open a window? No, ______ open the door instead.
2. Shall we speak Chinese? No, ______ English instead.
3. Shall we meet at noon? Yes, ______
4. Shall we go to the library? Yes, ______
5. Shall we ask George? No, ______ instead.
6. Shall we invite the Taylors? Yes, ______
7. Shall we ride Bob’s car this time? No, ______ instead.
8. Shall we go to a Chinese restaurant this time? No, ______ instead.

连线示例：0 – d

1. This is something. (a gold watch) →
2. They are something. (plans for the house) →
3. Something caused the flood. (the rain) →
4. The thief stole something. (a diamond ring) →
5. The book is about something. (English grammar) →
6. The artist is painting something. (a picture) →
7. The driver ran over something. (a yellow dog) →
8. The students are going to discuss something. (their plans for the summer) →
9. The farmer has planted something. (a row of corn) →
10. Jane’s been copying something. (a letter) →
11. There’s something on the kitchen table. (a birthday cake) →
12. There’ll be something in the envelope for him. (some money) →

1. Somebody made the announcement. (the teacher) →
2. Somebody broke the windows. (those boys) →
3. Charles invited someone to the dance. (Susan) →
4. You gave the money to someone. (his sister) →
5. You spoke to somebody about the picnic. (Mrs. Taylor) →
6. Someone is Mr. Jackson. (the tall man over there) →
7. The girl with a book is somebody. (my sister) →
8. Your sister is engaged to someone. (Bill Newman) →
9. Somebody is going to type the book. (Miss Jones) →
10. You are going to borrow the dress from someone. (Jane) →

1. This advice is useful. →
2. That magazine is cheap. →
3. These books are expensive. →
4. You have read the blue book. →
5. This phone is out of order. →
6. These eggs are fresh. →
7. They are going to read those books. →
8. You visited the art museum. →
9. She borrowed the yellow dress from Jane. →
10. He talked to the clerk at the counter. →

1. Dick talked to the teacher about it. →
2. The hunter shot the lion. →
3. I met two friends from the Army. (informal) →
4. I borrowed these books from the library. →
5. Jane is going to buy a ring. →
6. He gave the book to the librarian. (informal) →
7. You should speak to Mrs. Hill. (formal) →
8. Mother made a birthday cake for Johnny. →
9. Mother made a birthday cake for Johnny. →
10. Mother made a birthday cake for Johnny. (informal) →
11. Mother made a birthday cake for Johnny today. →
12. We visited Uncle Joe Sunday. (formal) →
13. We visited Uncle Joe Sunday. →
14. We visited Uncle Joe Sunday. →
15. These chairs are comfortable. →
16. George is a student. →
17. George is the new student. →
18. George is the new student. →
19. The trouble with the car is that the clutch isn’t working right. →
20. A truant is a child who stays away from school without permission. →
21. The teacher announced that school would close early. →
22. Betty borrowed the green coat from Alice. →
23. Betty borrowed the green coat from Alice. (informal) →
24. Betty borrowed the green coat from Alice. →
25. Betty borrowed the green coat from Alice last week. →
26. Betty borrowed the green coat from Alice last week. →

1. Are you going today? Are you going tomorrow? →
2. Do we pay you? Do we pay the cashier? →
3. Is she playing? Is she studying? →
4. Did he say “yes”? Didn’t he say “yes”? →
5. Do they usually eat here? Do they usually eat in a restaurant? →
6. Is John buying a new car? Is his father buying a new car? →
7. Do you eat with chopsticks? Do you eat with knife and fork? →
8. Do you have a radio? Do you have a TV? →
9. Will you drop me a line? Will you give me a ring? →
10. Can you speak English? Can’t you speak English? →
11. Is your brother studying at a college? Is your brother studying at a university? →
12. Can you write English? Can you speak English? →

1. This is somebody’s hat. (the teacher’s) →
2. That’s someone’s car. (Mr. Smith’s) →
3. These are somebody’s gloves. (Jane’s) →
4. Those are someone’s letters. (my sister’s) →
5. Alice found someone’s book. (John’s) →
6. Betty is going to borrow somebody’s dress. (Mary’s) →
7. Professor Jones will lecture on someone’s plays tomorrow. (Shakespeare’s) →
8. They left somebody’s name out of the list. (my brother’s) →

1. The thief stole a diamond ring. →
2. I will carry the heavy luggage. →
3. Bob won a bronze medal. →
4. This chemical is dangerous. →
5. I ate the green bananas. →
6. He is drawing plans for the house. →
7. They discussed the plans for the summer. →
8. I borrowed these books from the library. →
9. She lost the hat that her mother bought for her last week. →
10. The driver ran over a yellow dog. →
11. Mr. Jones used to smoke cheap cigarettes. →
12. Jane lent her best sweater to Mary. →

1. ______ knows the answer? John does.
2. ______ is the answer to the question? I don’t know.
3. ______ answer is yours? This one is.
4. ______ trees grow in China? Pine trees.
5. ______ color is it? Blue.
6. ______ is yours, the raincoat or the umbrella?
7. ______ is his fountain pen, the one on the desk or the one in the drawer?
8. ______ can answer this question? No one can.
9. ______ of you can answer this question?
10. ______ teaches you mathematics? Mr. Smith does.
11. ______ are you learning now? French.
12. ______ wants a piece of cake? Everyone does.
13. ______ piece of cake is mine?
14. ______ is the name of your teacher? ______ is yours?
15. ______ wrote this letter? You did.
16. ______ are you waiting for? My brother.
17. ______ is the president of the United States?
18. ______ is the matter with you?
19. ______ color is the sky?
20. ______ time did you get up this morning?
21. ______ date is today?
22. ______ one do you prefer?
23. ______ ones do you drive?
24. ______ one earns 20,000 dollars a year? The rich one.

1. My birthday was last month. →
2. Spring begins at the 21st of March. →
3. Visiting hours are from 4 to 6 in the afternoon. →
4. The airplane leaves every hour on the hour. →
5. She’s going shopping for a new suit this weekend. →
6. The museum opens every day except Monday. →
7. Jane is going to take French and German next year. →
8. They arrived home late last night. →
9. Mr. Jones will see you as soon as he can. →
10. I took dancing lessons when I was a child. →

1. We play tennis in the park. →
2. They are going to the museum. →
3. I saw the story in today’s paper. →
4. She put the watch on the table. →
5. His house is on Roosevelt Road. →
6. You can find a post office at the corner of the street. →
7. I am studying English at the Language Center. →
8. Miss Jones plans to go to England, France and Germany. →
9. She found the book on the floor. →
10. The truck ran over the little boy right in front of the house. →

1. The weather’s fine. →
2. You look very well. →
3. The cake tastes delicious. →
4. The team played poorly. →
5. I always travel by train. →
6. They got there by taking the train. →
7. I can tell by his face. →
8. He became a good speaker by practicing hard every day. →
9. I’m enjoying my visit enormously. →
10. She got interested in art by going to the museum. →

1. This dress costs twenty dollars. →
2. I have fifty dollars. →
3. I want three pounds of pork. →
4. The movie lasts three hours. →
5. He tried several times. →
6. She needs two boxes of typewriter paper. →
7. There are 50 students in my class. →
8. We have six children. →
9. The discussion lasted an hour. →
10. New York is 225 miles from Washington. →
11. The bus ran six times a day. →
12. I am five feet tall. →
13. The lake is 100 feet deep. →
14. The school is 200 years old. →
15. The windows are 4 feet wide. →
16. The pool is 50 feet long. →
17. She weighs 120 pounds. →
18. The doctor will come soon. →
19. The plane flies at 600 miles an hour. →
20. The building is twenty stories high. →
21. We go to the movies once a week. →
22. The wind was blowing 20 miles an hour. →
23. I have known him for years. →
24. I can run 100 meters in 12 seconds. →
25. The dictionary is 1000 pages thick. →
26. The station is three blocks from here. →
27. About 3000 people died in traffic accidents last year. →
28. There were three hundred people at the meeting. →
29. I need $1,000 to go shopping. →
30. The new library cost $1,000,000 to build. →

1. ______ would you like me to do?
2. ______ hat blew off? John’s?
3. ______ left this book here?
4. ______ is your sister going to marry?
5. ______ of these cakes may I take?
6. ______ is your mother’s name?
7. ______ is wrong with your camera?
8. ______ did you visit yesterday afternoon? The museum.
9. ______ dress was she wearing? The one you gave her.
10. ______ train shall we take, the 5:30 or the 7:10?
11. ______ is your family doctor?
12. ______ of these people have you met before?
13. ______ is this watch? Mine.
14. ______ kind of watch is this? A stop watch.
15. ______ are you talking about? Nothing.
16. ______ of them will come with us?
17. ______ is the shortest way to the station?
18. ______ do you like better, spring or fall?
19. ______ did you say just now?
20. ______ book did I borrow? Yours?
21. ______ did you meet her? I met her in the park.
22. ______ will he come back? He will come back in a short time.
23. ______ didn’t you come? Because I was ill.
24. ______ is your mother? She is quite well, thank you.
25. ______ is he? Eleven.
26. ______ have you been waiting? More than two hours.
27. ______ is it from here to the post office? About five minutes’ walk.
28. ______ brothers do you have? Three.
29. ______ time do you have? Half past ten.
30. ______ is today? The fifth of July.
31. ______ is Mr. Jones? He’s my uncle.
32. ______ is Mr. Jones? He’s an engineer.
33. ______ does he do? He’s a doctor.
34. ______ will she come? Any minute.
35. ______ ago did you see him? Last week.

1. Who teaches you English? →
2. Who wrote Hamlet? →
3. What makes people fat? (Eating) →
4. How many of you play tennis? (Most of us) →
5. How many of you can play chess? (None of us) →
6. How many of you ought to know the answer? (All of us) →
7. Which of you likes ice cream? (We all) →
8. What fruit is good to eat? (All) →
9. Which cost more, these or those? →
10. Which of you finished your homework yesterday? (None) →
11. Who dares to jump over the stream? (Nobody) →
12. Who’s the present queen of England? →
13. Who’s taken my books? (Your brother) →
14. Who used to live in this old house? (My great-grandfather) →
15. Which of you knows the shortest way to the station? (Jim) →

1. What do you use it for? →
2. Where do you keep it? →
3. When do they take it away? →
4. How do you write it? →
5. What do you eat it with? →
6. How do they sell it? →
7. How often do you tune it? →
8. Who do you send it to? →
9. How do you pronounce it? →
10. Who broke the window? →

1. How many languages can you speak? →
2. What have you been studying? →
3. When did you eat lunch? →
4. When will you return my book? →
5. How well can you speak English? →
6. Where were you last night? →
7. How long have you been waiting? →
8. Who did you invite to the party? →
9. Why didn’t you come this morning? →
10. What kind of work do you do? →
11. Whose plays have you read? →
12. How much sugar do you use in your coffee? →
13. Why have you not eaten anything? →
14. How do you like this cake? →
15. Which book have you been reading? →
16. What time is it? →
17. What is the matter? →
18. What’s wrong with you? →
19. What’s the English for “花”? →
20. Who called while I was out? →

1. I’m going to move to Taipei. →
2. Why are you angry? →
3. Have you heard from your brother? →
4. Where are you going to spend your vacation? →
5. Was the library open all day? →
6. I’ll graduate in June. →
7. When will you graduate from high school? →
8. Do you know the way to the station? →
9. Can you tell me where I can find a rest room? →
10. How far is it to the National Museum? →
11. Who do you think is China’s greatest scientist? →
12. I hope you have a letter for me. →

Bill and Sally White, their father and mother, and some of their friends were visiting Bill’s Uncle George at the seashore. Uncle George was Bill’s father’s brother. He had a house and a sailboat. Bill and Sally had visited him many times. They liked the seashore very much.

It was late in August. The air was cool, but the water was warm enough for swimming. Uncle George had invited them all to go sailing with him. They were going to sail for two or three hours and then have a picnic on one of the islands in the bay.

1. (X) Nancy is a charming girl.
2. (X) China is a great country.
3. (the) Chinese are a peace-loving people.
4. Is (X) Chinese a very difficult language to learn?
5. (the) Niagara Falls is the largest waterfall in (X) America.
6. (the) United States is a member of (the) United Nations.
7. (the) Netherlands is on the north of (X) Belgium.
8. (the) Amazon is the largest river in (X) South America.
9. In some places (the) Rocky Mountains are not far from (the) Pacific Ocean.
10. (the) Hudson River empties into (the) Atlantic Ocean.
11. We have visited (the) Congress but not (the) White House.
12. (X) Eskimos make houses of snow and ice.
13. Every Christian should read (the) Bible carefully.
14. (the) Canary Islands are a group of Spanish islands in (the) Atlantic.
15. I heard that (X) Mr. Smith was going to (X) France, (X) Germany and (the) Soviet Union.

1. cook → cooks (s /kʊks/)
2. part → parts (s /pɑːrts/)
3. egg → eggs (z /egz/)
4. sound → sounds (z /saʊndz/)
5. sky → skies (z /skaɪz/)
6. key → keys (z /kiːz/)
7. roof → roofs (s /ruːfs/)
8. loaf → loaves (z /ləʊvz/)
9. race → races (ɪz /reɪsɪz/)
10. moss → mosses (ɪz /mɒsɪz/)
11. game → games (z /ɡeɪmz/)
12. line → lines (z /laɪnz/)
13. ball → balls (z /bɔːlz/)
14. door → doors (z /dɔːrz/)
15. month → months (s /mʌnθs/)
16. bath → baths (s /bɑːθs/ 或 z /bɑːðz/)
17. potato → potatoes (z /pəˈteɪtəʊz/)
18. radio → radios (z /ˈreɪdiəʊz/)
19. horse → horses (ɪz /ˈhɔːsɪz/)
20. house → houses (ɪz /ˈhaʊsɪz/)
21. match → matches (ɪz /ˈmætʃɪz/)
22. stomach → stomachs (s /ˈstʌməks/)
23. knife → knives (z /naɪvz/)
24. safe → safes (z /seɪvz/)
25. page → pages (ɪz /ˈpeɪdʒɪz/)
26. garage → garages (ɪz /ɡəˈrɑːʒɪz/ 或 z /ɡəˈrɑːʒz/)
27. 1 → 1s (z /wʌnz/)
28. 8 → 8s (z /eɪts/)
29. Ph.D. → Ph.D.s (z /ˌpiː eɪtʃ ˈdiːz/)
30. 1970 → 1970s (z /ˌnaɪnˈtiːn ˈsevnti z/)

1. How many (bank) are there in this town? → banks
2. There are several (guest) waiting to see you. → guests
3. I had to have two (tooth) pulled the other day. → teeth
4. Two of my uncles are (judge). → judges
5. You can always hear (echo) in these mountains. → echoes
6. A group of (editor-in-chief) are holding a meeting now. → editors-in-chief
7. The weather forecast is for blue (sky). → skies
8. I saw three (sheep) on the farm. → sheep
9. Don’t you think that (tax) are too high? → taxes
10. She took two (spoonful) of medicine. → spoonfuls
11. Did you raise these (goose) yourself? → geese
12. We saw several (fish) in the pond. → fish（同一种类）/ fishes（不同种类）
13. She is very proud of her (son-in-law) because they are all very rich. → sons-in-law
14. How many (passer-by) were killed in the accident? → passers-by
15. Men walk with two (foot) and animals with four (leg). → feet; legs
16. (Ox-cart) are drawn by (ox) not by (horse). → Ox-carts; oxen; horses
17. That millionaire has a dozen (servant) to wait on him. → servants
18. They invited two (Englishman) and three (German) to the party. → Englishmen; Germans
19. (Mouse-trap) are set to catch (mouse). → Mouse-traps; mice
20. Get me two (dozen) of (egg) and three (loaf) of (bread). → dozen; eggs; loaves; bread

1. crisis → crises
2. basis → bases
3. criterion → criteria
4. phenomenon → phenomena
5. datum → data
6. curriculum → curricula / curriculums
7. stimulus → stimuli / stimuluses
8. focus → foci / focuses
9. index → indices / indexes
10. madame → mesdames / madames
11. alumnus → alumni
12. alumna → alumnae

1. I saw two (deer, deers) running into the wood. → 正确：deer
2. Professor Hill gave a (serie, series) of lectures on modern history. → 正确：series
3. Lend me a pair of (scissor, scissors), will you? → 正确：scissors
4. He always brushes his (trouser, trousers) clean. → 正确：trousers
5. She drew a circle with (a compass, compasses). → 正确：compasses
6. I am near-sighted, so I can’t see without a pair of (glass, glasses). → 正确：glasses
7. It was (a spectacle, spectacles) worth watching. → 正确：a spectacle
8. She put on her (spectacle, spectacles) and started to read the letter. → 正确：spectacles
9. I withdrew all my (saving, savings) from the bank yesterday. → 正确：savings
10. Mr. Johnson used to take a walk as a (mean, means) of exercise. → 正确：means
11. Mathematics (is, are) my favorite subject. → 正确：is
12. (Many thanks, Much thank) for your help. → 正确：Many thanks
13. (Thank, Thanks) a lot for your wonderful present. → 正确：Thanks
14. No news (is, are) good news. → 正确：is
15. Riches (have, has) wings. → 正确：have
16. The United States (is, are) composed of 51 states. → 正确：is
17. Statistics (is, are) not an exact science. → 正确：is
18. These statistics on population (is, are) very interesting. → 正确：are
19. (Is, Are) politics an interesting subject? → 正确：Is
20. My politics (is, are) nobody’s business but mine. → 正确：are
21. The Brown family (is, are) a very happy one. → 正确：is
22. The Brown family (is, are) in many parts of the world this winter: Mr. and Mrs. Brown are at home, George is in Asia, and Susan is in Europe. → 正确：are
23. The committee (is, are) not able to agree on the plan. → 正确：are
24. Middle-class people (spends, spend) a lot of money on clothes. → 正确：spend
25. The peoples of the world (wants, want) peace and happiness. → 正确：want

1. That baby is three months old. → That is a three-month-old baby.
2. The rope is ten feet long. → It is a ten-foot-long rope.
3. This car has four doors. → This is a four-door car.
4. The building is five stories high. → It is a five-story-high building / a five-story building.
5. I bought a stamp for eight cents. → I bought an eight-cent stamp.
6. There were six men on the committee. → It was a six-man committee.
7. He bought a house that was twenty years old. → He bought a twenty-year-old house.
8. The vacation lasted two weeks. → It was a two-week vacation.
9. We paid six dollars for the ticket. → We bought a six-dollar ticket.
10. They walked in the park for fifteen minutes. → They took a fifteen-minute walk in the park.

1. pencil → a pencil（可数）
2. pen → a pen（可数）
3. sofa → a sofa（可数）
4. friend → a friend（可数）
5. car → a car（可数）
6. baggage → some baggage（不可数）
7. chalk → some chalk（不可数）
8. furniture → some furniture（不可数）
9. vegetable → a vegetable（可数）
10. ink → some ink（不可数）
11. flower → a flower（可数）
12. bag → a bag（可数）
13. homework → some homework（不可数）
14. assignment → an assignment（可数）
15. lamp → a lamp（可数）
16. friendship → some friendship（不可数）
17. task → a task（可数）
18. money → some money（不可数）
19. fruit → some fruit（不可数）/ a fruit（可数，表种类）
20. transportation → some transportation（不可数）
21. electricity → some electricity（不可数）
22. mail → some mail（不可数）
23. dollar → a dollar（可数）
24. blood → some blood（不可数）
25. work → some work（不可数）
26. paint → some paint（不可数）
27. bone → a bone（可数）
28. fog → some fog（不可数）
29. letter → a letter（可数）
30. wheat → some wheat（不可数）
31. beef → some beef（不可数）
32. cow → a cow（可数）
33. pork → some pork（不可数）
34. pig → a pig（可数）
35. land → some land（不可数）
36. acre → an acre（可数）
37. grass → some grass（不可数）
38. flesh → some flesh（不可数）

1. The teacher brought us several (① ink, ② pen, ③ chalks, ④ erasers). → 正确：④ erasers
2. Help yourself to some (① apple, ② orange, ③ fruit, ④ banana). → 正确：③ fruit
3. Would you like a (① meal, ② food, ③ tea, ④ coffee)? → 正确：① meal（或a cup of tea/coffee）
4. I wrote a few (① mail, ② correspondence, ③ letters, ④ page) this morning. → 正确：③ letters
5. They need another (① milk, ② wine, ③ glass, ④ grass). → 正确：③ glass（或a bottle of milk/wine）
6. We eat a lot of (① bean, ② potato, ③ rice, ④ vegetable). → 正确：③ rice
7. Is there any more (① egg, ② tomato, ③ butter, ④ biscuit)? → 正确：③ butter
8. How many (① lesson, ② speech, ③ poetry, ④ poems) can you recite? → 正确：④ poems
9. A parade requires a great deal of (① plan, ② plans, ③ planning, ④ plannings). → 正确：③ planning
10. (① The furnitures, ② The furniture, ③ Furnitures, ④ A furniture) of this house has been removed. → 正确：② The furniture

1. He gives a name to each (cow, cattle). → 正确：cow
2. The rich farmer owns many (fields, lands). → 正确：fields
3. Please lend me some (money, book). → 正确：money
4. We had a lot of (fun, funs) at the party last night. → 正确：fun
5. He drank with (glass, a glass). → 正确：a glass
6. She cut the paper with (a piece of glass, a glass). → 正确：a piece of glass
7. I know him by (sight, a sight). → 正确：sight
8. The sunset is (beautiful sight, a beautiful sight). → 正确：a beautiful sight
9. A book is made of (paper, papers). → 正确：paper
10. The newsboy delivers (paper, papers) every morning. → 正确：papers

1. The girl lives with her family in a big house.
2. That boy has spent all his money on these toys.
3. Get me tea instead of milk.
4. I live with my grandmother, my parents, my elder brother and a younger sister.
5. This house is famous for its garden.
6. People got off their train at the station.
7. Is he your father’s brother, or your mother’s?
8. Why did John’s bicycle cost more than Mary’s camera?
9. I want a pencil, an eraser and some paper.
10. Any stranger will get lost in London if he doesn’t know the city well.

1. I have ______ money. → some
2. You wrote ______ letters. → some
3. She is visiting ______ friend. → a
4. I didn’t have ______ ink. → any
5. There wasn’t ______ news. → any
6. They found ______ paint. → some
7. We’re learning ______ new words. → some
8. She found ______ old watch. → an
9. They’re showing ______ interesting movies. → some
10. We didn’t eat ______ fruit. → any
11. The farmer is planting ______ corn. → some
12. Do you have ______ information on the subject? → any

1. The engineers made some plans. → The engineers didn’t make any plans. / Did the engineers make any plans?
2. The factory hired some workers. → The factory didn’t hire any workers. / Did the factory hire any workers?
3. The boys are eating some candy. → The boys aren’t eating any candy. / Are the boys eating any candy?
4. The secretary was writing some letters. → The secretary wasn’t writing any letters. / Was the secretary writing any letters?
5. She’s got some money. → She hasn’t got any money. / Has she got any money?
6. You’ll need some help. → You won’t need any help. / Will you need any help?
7. They received some good advice. → They didn’t receive any good advice. / Did they receive any good advice?
8. John has made some wonderful suggestions. → John hasn’t made any wonderful suggestions. / Has John made any wonderful suggestions?
9. Betty had some strange ideas. → Betty didn’t have any strange ideas. / Did Betty have any strange ideas?
10. I can eat some ice-cream. → I can’t eat any ice-cream. / Can you eat any ice-cream?

1. He knows some English. →
   • He knows some English, doesn’t he?
   • Doesn’t he know some English?
2. He doesn’t know any English. →
   • He doesn’t know any English, does he?
   • Does he know any English?
3. She needed some money. →
   • She needed some money, didn’t she?
   • Didn’t she need some money?
4. She didn’t need any money. →
   • She didn’t need any money, did she?
   • Did she need any money?
5. They can borrow some books. →
   • They can borrow some books, can’t they?
   • Can’t they borrow some books?
6. They can’t borrow any books. →
   • They can’t borrow any books, can they?
   • Can they borrow any books?
7. She is making some sandwiches for us. →
   • She is making some sandwiches for us, isn’t she?
   • Isn’t she making some sandwiches for us?
8. She isn’t making any sandwiches for us. →
   • She isn’t making any sandwiches for us, is she?
   • Is she making any sandwiches for us?
9. You have done some studying. →
   • You have done some studying, haven’t you?
   • Haven’t you done some studying?
10. You haven’t done any studying. →
    • You haven’t done any studying, have you?
    • Have you done any studying?

1. Did the factory hire any men? No, … → No, the factory didn’t hire any men. / It didn’t hire any.
2. Did she invite any friends? Yes, … → Yes, she invited some friends. / She invited some.
3. Is there any mail for me? Yes, … → Yes, there is some mail for me. / There is some.
4. Do you have any questions? No, … → No, I don’t have any questions. / I don’t have any.
5. Are there any matches left? No, … → No, there aren’t any matches left. / There aren’t any.
6. Will you have any more tea? No, … → No, I won’t have any more tea. / I won’t have any more.
7. Won’t you have some more cake? Yes, … → Yes, I’ll have some more cake. / I’ll have some more.
8. Can you eat any more potatoes? Yes, … → Yes, I can eat some more potatoes. / I can eat some more.
9. Do you think there is any money in the purse? No, … → No, I don’t think there is any money in the purse. / I don’t think there is any.
10. Do you believe that he will lend you any books? Yes, … → Yes, I believe that he will lend me some books. / I believe that he will lend me some.

1. There isn’t ______ sugar in this jar. → any
2. She asked me for ______ paper, but I can’t find ______. → some; any
3. You can’t have ______ more tomatoes because I want ______ for myself. → any; some
4. Please give me ______ more cake. I’m sorry but there isn’t ______. → some; any
5. I can’t eat ______ more ice-cream, but I would like ______ more pudding. → any; some
6. I asked him for ______ ink, and he gave me ______. → some; some
7. Don’t make ______ noise. I want to get ______ sleep. → any; some
8. Have you had ______ tea? I can give you ______. → any; some
9. Go and ask him for more paper. I don’t have ______ in my desk. → any
10. If you need more money, you must get ______ out of the bank; there is hardly ______ in the house. → some; any
11. We have ______ new shoes in today. Do you want to buy ______? → some; some
12. Would you like ______ coffee? (= Please have ______ coffee.) Yes, I’d like ______. → some; some; some
13. Didn’t I give you ______ money yesterday? (= I think I gave you ______.) No, you didn’t give me ______. → some; some; any
14. I don’t have ______ time to do more now; you can do ______ yourself. → any; some
15. Wouldn’t you like ______ thing to drink? Have ______ lemonade? → some; some

1. ______ coffee is ______ drink. → Coffee is a drink.
2. ______ coat is made of ______ wool. → A coat is made of wool.
3. ______ iron is ______ metal. → Iron is a metal.
4. ______ orange has ______ sweet taste. → An orange has a sweet taste.
5. ______ sugar is nice in ______ cup of tea. → Sugar is nice in a cup of tea.
6. ______ cigarette is made of ______ tobacco and ______ paper. → A cigarette is made of tobacco and paper.
7. ______ ring is made of ______ gold or ______ silver. → A ring is made of gold or silver.
8. I like ______ jam on ______ piece of ______ bread. → I like jam on a piece of bread.
9. I can write ______ letter in ______ ink or with ______ pencil. → I can write a letter in ink or with a pencil.
10. ______ bread is made from ______ flour, and ______ flour is made from ______ wheat. → Bread is made from flour, and flour is made from wheat.

1. ______ woman gave me ______ money yesterday. → A woman gave me some money yesterday.
2. ______ yard usually has ______ flowers in it. → A yard usually has some flowers in it.
3. Give me ______ ink to write ______ letter. → Give me some ink to write a letter.
4. ______ Austrian sheep give us ______ very good wool. → Austrian sheep give us some very good wool.
5. I want ______ glass of lemonade with ______ sugar in it. → I want a glass of lemonade with some sugar in it.
6. You must write in ______ ink; here is ______ pen. → You must write in ink; here is a pen.
7. ______ house made of ______ wood catches ______ fire very easily. → A house made of wood catches fire very easily.
8. ______ book about ______ politics is too difficult for ______ child. → A book about politics is too difficult for a child.
9. There is ______ dirt on ______ floor and ______ dirty mark on ______ curtain. → There is some dirt on the floor and a dirty mark on the curtain.
10. There is ______ pencil and ______ writing paper. → There is a pencil and some writing paper.

1. The machine is made of (metal, a metal). → 正确：metal
2. (Iron, An iron) is (metal, a metal). → 正确：Iron; a metal
3. She pressed her dresses with (iron, an iron). → 正确：an iron
4. I prefer (tea, a tea) to coffee. → 正确：tea
5. This is really (excellent tea, an excellent tea). → 正确：an excellent tea
6. This is (tea, a tea) grown only in the mountains of Ceylon. → 正确：a tea
7. There is no smoke without (fire, a fire). → 正确：fire
8. There was (fire, a fire) in the next street last night. → 正确：a fire
9. She always has (cold meat, a cold meat) on hand for the school lunch boxes. → 正确：cold meat
10. She suggested (cold meat, a cold meat) for a summer luncheon. → 正确：a cold meat
11. This is (lace, a lace) seldom seen in New York. → 正确：a lace
12. She wore a dress of (old lace, an old lace). → 正确：old lace
13. He did it all out of (kindness, a kindness). → 正确：kindness
14. It would be (great kindness, a great kindness) to call and see him while he is so ill. → 正确：a great kindness
15. It was (excusable error, an excusable error). → 正确：an excusable error
16. (Error, An error) is unavoidable. → 正确：Error
17. They sell books on (education, an education). → 正确：education
18. He wanted his son to have (education, an education). → 正确：an education
19. She felt (pity, a pity) for the poor orphans. → 正确：pity
20. What (pity, a pity) she couldn’t go with you! → 正确：a pity
21. It’s (mercy, a mercy) that he didn’t take that train! → 正确：a mercy
22. He never shows (mercy, a mercy) for the poor. → 正确：mercy
23. The old man is without (sight, a sight) and hearing. → 正确：sight
24. She was (sight, a sight) pleasing to the eye. → 正确：a sight
25. I had (pain, a pain) in my leg yesterday. → 正确：a pain
26. (Death, A death) comes to all. → 正确：Death
27. He felt (new happiness, a new happiness) growing within him. → 正确：a new happiness
28. Patience is (virtue, a virtue). → 正确：a virtue
29. Eat more fruit; it will do you (good, a good). → 正确：good
30. He showed (amazing endurance, an amazing endurance). → 正确：amazing endurance

1. There is some sugar. →
   • There is no sugar.
   • There isn’t any sugar.
2. I can see a hat on the shelf. →
   • I can see no hat on the shelf.
   • I can’t see any hat on the shelf.
3. He likes girls with red hair. →
   • He likes no girls with red hair.
   • He doesn’t like any girls with red hair.
4. She has got some money to lend you. →
   • She has got no money to lend you.
   • She hasn’t got any money to lend you.
5. I have some more money. →
   • I have no more money.
   • I don’t have any more money.
6. There are some apples on the tree. →
   • There are no apples on the tree.
   • There aren’t any apples on the tree.
7. The hen has laid eggs today. →
   • The hen has laid no eggs today.
   • The hen hasn’t laid any eggs today.
8. Some ink spilled on the carpet. →
   • No ink spilled on the carpet.
   • Any ink didn’t spill on the carpet.（或：Didn’t any ink spill on the carpet? 否定句常用前一种）
9. Some people called last night. →
   • No people called last night.
   • Didn’t any people call last night?
10. He gave me some ink, so I could write some more. →
    • He gave me no ink, so I couldn’t write any more.
    • He didn’t give me any ink, so I couldn’t write any more.

1. I saw ______ woman the other day. ______ woman wore ______ big hat. ______ hat had ______ long feathers on it. ______ feathers were red, green and yellow. → a; The; a; The; some; The
2. Go and see who is at ______ door. → the
3. ______ bird can fly very high in ______ sky. → A; the
4. He came to see us twice ______ month. → a
5. China is ______ largest country in Asia. → the
6. ______ principal of our school was absent today. → The
7. ______ student of our school was run over by a bus. → A
8. John is ______ heir to a millionaire. (John is the only heir.) → the
9. John is ______ heir to a millionaire. (There are several other heirs besides John.) → an
10. ______ capital of Japan is Tokyo. → The
11. Tokyo is ______ city in Japan. → a
12. ______ man with a red necktie is Mr. Smith. → The
13. ______ man she loves must be very rich. → The
14. Who is ______ man teaching her English? → the
15. We need ______ woman who understands French. → a
16. ______ mailman has come, but there was no mail for us today. → The
17. ______ young can always learn something from ______ old. → The; the
18. I had ______ pain in my side yesterday, and I had ______ pain in my side again today. → a; a
19. ______ air is necessary to life, and so is ______ water. → ø; ø
20. ______ air in her room is heavy with ______ perfume of flowers. → The; the
21. I love ______ open air and outdoor life. → the
22. The children are having ______ exercise in ______ open air. → some; the
23. ______ wisdom is ______ gift of heaven. → ø; a
24. ______ wisdom of Solomon is quite well-known among ______ students. → The; the
25. I cannot forget ______ kindness with which he treated me. → the
26. Would you have ______ kindness to pull up ______ window? → the; the
27. Have you had ______ kindness shown? Pass it on. → some
28. ______ money begets ______ money. → ø; ø
29. I wonder who took ______ money in ______ purse. → the; the
30. At last ______ warrior in him was thoroughly aroused. → the

1. This is ______ most interesting story I ever heard. → the
2. Can you tell me which is ______ better of these two models? → the
3. We were married on ______ fifth of May, 1957. → the
4. You are ______ very man I wanted to see. → the
5. ______ very thought of going there frightened me. → The
6. This is ______ only example I can give you. → the
7. He is ______ only son. → the
8. They were both born on ______ same day and in the same town. → the
9. He was always ______ first guest to come and ______ last to leave. → the; the
10. Rice is sold either by ______ catty or by ______ pound. → the; the
11. Rice is sold here at ______ price of two dollars ______ catty. → the; a
12. It is cheaper to buy eggs by ______ dozen than ______ apiece. → the; a
13. How much do eggs cost ______ dozen? → a
14. We rent our house by ______ month not by ______ week. → the; the
15. How often do you have your hair cut ______ month? → a
16. The garden lies to ______ south of the house. → the
17. He is ______ right man for ______ position. → the; the
18. I will not apologize because I am in ______ right. → the
19. He got onto ______ wrong train and got out at ______ wrong station. → the; the
20. His address is given at ______ left of ______ card. → the; the
21. You’ve come on ______ wrong day. Your music lesson is on ______ Friday. → the; ø
22. Three loud knocks are heard on ______ door at ______ right. → the; the
23. She patted the boy on ______ back and comforted him. → the
24. The little boy pulled his sister by ______ sleeve and asked her to take him out. → the
25. Take what you want and throw ______ rest away. → the

1. (The milk, Milk) is very good for health, but some children don’t like it. → 正确：Milk
2. (The foxes, Foxes, Fox) are cunning animals. → 正确：Foxes
3. (An owl, Owl, Owls) cannot see in the day-time. → 正确：Owls / An owl
4. (The bees, Bees, Bee) make honey. → 正确：Bees
5. (The blood, Blood) is thicker than (the water, water). → 正确：Blood; water
6. (The man, Man) is in general stronger than (the woman, woman). → 正确：Man; woman
7. (A sentence, Sentence, Sentences) are made of (the words, words, word). → 正确：Sentences; words
8. (The friend, A friend) in need is (a friend, the friend) indeed. → 正确：A friend; a friend
9. He is as poor as (the church mouse, a church mouse). → 正确：a church mouse
10. Do you know who invented (a telephone, the telephone) ? → 正确：the telephone
11. (The cow, A cow) and (the horse, a horse) are domestic animals. → 正确：A cow; a horse / Cows; horses
12. (The dinosaur, A dinosaur) no longer exists. → 正确：The dinosaur / Dinosaurs
13. (The panda, A panda) is found only in some parts of China. → 正确：The panda / Pandas
14. (The bee, A bee) is gathering honey from flowers these days. → 正确：A bee
15. (The dinosaur, A dinosaur) roamed here in prehistoric times. → 正确：A dinosaur / Dinosaurs

1. ______ waiter, bring me ______ glass of milk. → Waiter; a
2. ______ young man, would you be interested in earning ______ couple of ______ dollars? → Young man; a; ø
3. ______ Professor Hill has already explained ______ problem to us. → ø; the
4. Robert Louis Stevenson, ______ author of ______ Treasure Island, is also ______ great poet. → the; ø; a
5. He became ______ Mayor of ______ Taipei ______ last year. → ø; ø; ø
6. The knife is made of ______ special kind of ______ metal. → a; ø
7. What ______ kind of ______ flower is this? → ø; ø
8. This is ______ very rare species of ______ fish which can be found only in ______ deep ocean. → a; ø; the
9. ______ monkey resembles very much ______ man. → A; a / The monkey; man
10. ______ Mother is doing ______ dishes in ______ kitchen. She’ll be here in ______ minute. → ø; the; the; a
11. Do you take ______ walk before or after ______ dinner? → a; ø
12. He is ______ Christian and goes to ______ church ______ every Sunday. → a; ø; ø
13. She left ______ school in ______ year 1956. → ø; the
14. Do you go to ______ school on ______ foot or by ______ bus? → ø; ø; ø
15. ______ day after ______ day, she worked hard from morning till night. → ø; ø
16. This time I’m going to ______ United States by ______ sea, not by ______ air. → the; ø; ø
17. Some of the students are playing ______ basketball, while the others are playing ______ tennis. → ø; ø
18. When I am at ______ leisure, I like to play ______ chess with my friends. → ø; ø
19. They went away ______ arm in ______ arm. → ø; ø
20. They stood ______ side by ______ side, talking happily to each other. → ø; ø
21. ______ Washington was twice elected ______ president; he was elected ______ first president of ______ United States. → ø; ø; the; the
22. Stevenson is ______ English novelist and ______ poet. → an; a
23. ______ novelist and ______ poet are discussing literature and art in ______ open air. → The; the; the
24. ______ watch and ______ chain belongs to my father. → The; ø
25. I see ______ red and white flower in the vase. (one flower) → a
26. There is ______ red and ______ white flower in the vase. (two flowers) → a; a
27. Both ______ red and ______ white flowers may be worn on this occasion. → ø; ø
28. ______ red and white flower is azalea. (one kind of flowers) → The
29. ______ red and white flowers look very lovely against the green leaves. (one kind of flowers) → The
30. ______ red and ______ white flowers in the vase are both my favorites. (two kinds of flowers) → The; the

one boy of the boys → one of the boys

three friends of your friends → three of your friends; three friends of yours

these five books of your books → these five books of yours

1. three girls of the girls → three of the girls
2. five pencils of these pencils → five of these pencils
3. one-half cake of the cake → one-half of the cake
4. many students of those students → many of those students
5. four mistakes of her mistakes → four of her mistakes; four mistakes of hers
6. six answers of his ten answers → six of his ten answers
7. several teachers of my teachers → several of my teachers; several teachers of mine
8. these three sons of your sons → these three sons of yours
9. three friends of my ten friends → three of my ten friends
10. even some students of your students → even some of your students; even some students of yours

My books are missing. (one) → One of my books is missing. / One of them is missing. / One is missing.

The students were here. (several) → Several of the students were here. / Several of them were here. / Several were here.

1. The books are interesting. (two) → Two of the books are interesting. / Two of them are interesting. / Two are interesting.
2. The girls could answer the questions. (three) → Three of the girls could answer the questions. / Three of them could answer the questions. / Three could answer the questions.
3. These boys want to go with you. (one) → One of these boys wants to go with you. / One of them wants to go with you. / One wants to go with you.
4. The guests are in the garden. (some) → Some of the guests are in the garden. / Some of them are in the garden. / Some are in the garden.
5. The suspects have disappeared. (one) → One of the suspects has disappeared. / One of them has disappeared. / One has disappeared.
6. The money is in the purse. (half) → Half of the money is in the purse. / Half of it is in the purse. / Half is in the purse.
7. He bought my paintings. (two) → Two of my paintings he bought. / Two of them he bought. / Two he bought.
8. The pictures were left on the table. (one) → One of the pictures was left on the table. / One of them was left on the table. / One was left on the table.

three books … on the desk → There are three books on the desk.

my books … on the desk → My books are on the desk.

1. the ten books … on the shelf → The ten books are on the shelf.
2. ten of the books … on the shelf → Ten of the books are on the shelf.
3. two pictures … on the wall → There are two pictures on the wall.
4. two of his pictures … on the wall → Two of his pictures are on the wall.
5. every student … in the classroom → Every student is in the classroom.
6. all the guests … in the lobby → All the guests are in the lobby.
7. five other books … in the library → There are five other books in the library.
8. the other five books … in the library → The other five books are in the library.

1204 (one thousand two hundred and four)

1965 (nineteen sixty-five)

7:25 = twenty-five (minutes) past (or after) seven

10:45 = a quarter to (or before) eleven

6:30 = half past (or after) six

12:19 = nineteen minutes past (or after) twelve

参考：五的倍数（five, ten, fifteen…）后面的minutes通常可以省略。

six (sixth); 6 (6th)

Lesson 10 (lesson ten; the tenth lesson)

Chapter 3 and 4 (chapter three and four; chapters three and four; the third and the fourth chapter; the third and fourth chapters)

1. World War I → World War One; the First World War
2. Page 3 → page three; the third page
3. Charles V → Charles the Fifth
4. Henry VIII → Henry the Eighth
5. Louis XVI → Louis the Sixteenth
6. Room 204 → room two hundred and four
7. No.35 → number thirty-five
8. Lesson 9 and 10 → lesson nine and ten; lessons nine and ten; the ninth and the tenth lesson; the ninth and tenth lessons

Oct. 10 (October the tenth)

1/6 (one sixth)

1. \(1/2\) → one half
2. \(1/3\) → one third
3. \(2/3\) → two thirds
4. \(1/4\) → one fourth; a quarter
5. \(3/4\) → three fourths; three quarters
6. \(1/5\) → one fifth
7. \(2/5\) → two fifths
8. \(13/5\) → one and three fifths
9. \(3\frac{4}{5}\) → three and four fifths
10. \(11/58\) → eleven fifty-eighths; eleven over fifty-eight

参考：分数的分母用序数词，分子用基数词；分子大于1时分母需加-s。

1. 5 + 3 = 8

   → Five plus three equals eight.

2. 9 – 2 = 7

   → Nine minus two equals seven.

3. 7 × 3 = 21

   → Seven multiplied by three equals twenty-one; Seven times three equals twenty-one.

4. 12 ÷ 4 = 3

   → Twelve divided by four equals three.

5. \(\frac{2}{3} + \frac{3}{4} = 1 \frac{5}{12}\)

   → Two thirds plus three fourths equals one and five twelfths.

I drink a cup of coffee every morning.

She bought a new bottle yesterday.

1. Would you like a cup of tea? Yes, please.
2. May I have a glass of milk?
3. I’m going to buy a new pair of shoes.
4. Get me a loaf of bread, please.
5. How many bars of soap do you want?
6. There’s a cake of soap in the bathroom.
7. Let me give you a piece of advice.
8. I ate three slices of bread this morning.
9. We need several articles of furniture for our new house.
10. He wrote my name and address on a sheet of paper.
11. She wrote the new words on the blackboard with a piece of chalk.
12. Put two spoons of salt into the soup.
13. I put two lumps of sugar into my coffee.
14. Get me a tube of toothpaste, please.
15. How much does a gallon of gasoline cost?

1. I gave each of them a piece of candy.
2. She went into the bathroom for a bar of soap.
3. I need a lump of sugar for my coffee.
4. She cut up a head of lettuce for the salad.
5. We saw a flash of lightning in the sky.
6. He pulled a blade of grass from the garden.
7. The bird had a mouthful of bread in his mouth.
8. Her gift was an unusual piece of jewelry.
9. There wasn’t an ear of corn left in the vegetable garden.
10. We haven’t had a drop of rain for at least a month.
11. He picked up a lump of sand from the beach.
12. She drank a mouthful of water from the pitcher.
13. He pulled out a piece of change from his pocket.
14. I bought a suit of clothes in Tokyo.
15. The black object was a lump of coal.
16. Could you lend me a pair of scissors?
17. A flock of birds are hovering around the farm.
18. A flock of people were crowding into the theater.
19. A swarm of bees were attacking the bear.
20. We saw a school of fish in the river.

1. Bob’s grandmother came from England. → She came from England.
2. Where have George and George’s wife been? → Where have they been?
3. Where had George and George’s wife been? → Where had they been?
4. The child’s clothes were dirty. → They were dirty.
5. How old is Bill and Linda’s baby? → How old is it?
6. That’s the cow I want; lead the cow over there, please. → That’s the cow I want; lead her over there, please.
7. That elephant lost the elephant’s calf. → That elephant lost its calf.
8. The baby had lost the baby’s toy. → The baby had lost its toy.
9. The police found the child and returned the child to the child’s parents. → The police found the child and returned him/her to his/her parents.
10. That’s our cow; the cow gives a lot of milk. → That’s our cow; she gives a lot of milk.
11. Is that your baby girl? My, how the baby girl has grown! → Is that your baby girl? My, how she has grown!
12. The mother elephant bathes the mother elephant’s baby in the river. → The mother elephant bathes her baby in the river.
13. The cattle milled around uneasily in the pen. → They milled around uneasily in the pen.
14. The rooster’s crowing woke us at dawn. → Its crowing woke us at dawn.
15. Is Joe a friend of Jane’s? → Is he a friend of hers?
16. The boat was Harry and Bob’s. → It was Harry and Bob’s.
17. Dick seemed to enjoy all the group’s decisions. → Dick seemed to enjoy all their decisions.
18. This is my vegetable garden, and that’s my wife’s flower garden. → This is my vegetable garden, and that’s hers.
19. The system in their office seemed more efficient than our system. → Their system seemed more efficient than ours.
20. The jury couldn’t agree on the case. → It/They couldn’t agree on the case.（强调整体用it，强调个体用they）

1. I like him. → He likes me.
2. She needs them. → They need her.
3. We take care of it. → It is taken care of by us.
4. You ran after her. → She ran after you.
5. They understand us. → We understand them.
6. He is watching you carefully. → You are being watched carefully by him.

1. John brought some sweets for his aunt. → He brought some sweets for her.
2. The teacher explained the problem to the student. → He/She explained the problem to him/her.
3. My sister and I told my little brother a story. → We told him a story.
4. Henry and his wife came to see Charles and Susan. → They came to see them.
5. My friend and I told Mr. Smith about our trip last month. → We told him about our trip last month.
6. Bob will find her coat for Jane. → Bob will find it for her.
7. Betty gave a lot of presents to Bob and Jane. → She gave a lot of presents to them.
8. The boys went into the garden, where the boys saw the snake. → They went into the garden, where they saw it.
9. Very soon the Rabbit noticed as Alice went hunting about, and called out to Alice in an angry tone. → Very soon the Rabbit noticed as she went hunting about, and called out to her in an angry tone.
10. John had taken his watch out of his pocket, and was looking at the watch uneasily, shaking the watch every now and then, and holding the watch to his ear. → John had taken his watch out of his pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now and then, and holding it to his ear.

1. (We, us) all went to the movies with (they, them). → We; them
   We作主语用主格，with后接宾语用受格them
2. What’s the name of (he, him) who came first? → him
   介词of后接宾语用受格him
3. The best ones are always bought by (he, him) who can pay the most. → him
   介词by后接宾语用受格him
4. There’s a friendly agreement between Mr. Smith and (I, me). → me
   介词between后接宾语用受格me
5. Let you and (I, me) try what we can do. → me
   动词let后接宾语用受格me
6. We scored as many goals as (they, them). → they / them
   正式用主格they，口语用受格them
7. He loves you more than (I, me) (love you). → I
   than后省略动词love you，用主格I
8. He loves you more than (he loves) (I, me). → me
   than后省略主语he loves，用受格me
9. You are a better golfer than (he, him). → he / him
   正式用主格he，口语用受格him
10. Let (we, us) all go for a walk except (she, her), since (she, her) is so tired. → us; her; she
    let后用us，except后用her，第二分句主语用she
11. Do you think (he, him) is stronger than (I, me)? → he; I / me
    第一空为主语用he，第二空正式用I，口语用me
12. It was (she, her) that went out just now, wasn’t it? → she / her
    正式用主格she，口语用受格her
13. It was (she, her) you meant, wasn’t it? → her
    动词meant的宾语用受格her
14. I know you’re bigger than (I, me), in fact you’re bigger than (we, us) both, but it doesn’t scare me. → I / me; us
    第二空后有both，用受格us
15. John thought the visitor to be (I, me); he mistook (I, me) for the visitor. → me; me
    宾语补语和动词mistook的宾语均用me
16. I saw (she, her) fall down as (she, her) was walking across the street. → her; she
    第一空为宾语用her，第二空为主语用she
17. We thought (he, him) was the best player; we thought (he, him) the best player. → he; him
    第一空为主语从句主语用he，第二空为宾语补语用him
18. If you were (I, me), would you ever believe (he, him) to be honest? → me; him
    口语中be动词后用me，宾语补语用him
19. They elected (you, he and I; me, you and him; you, him and me) to investigate the matter. → you, him and me
    并列宾语用受格，语序为you→him→me（礼貌原则）
20. Well, let’s pretend for a moment: I’ll be (she, her) and you be (I, me). Now imagine there’s a quarrel between (she, her) and (I, me). How would you settle it? → her; me; her; me
    be动词后口语用受格，介词between后用受格

1. Jane is going to write a letter.
   • 强调用法：Jane is going to write a letter herself; Jane herself is going to write a letter.
   • 反身用法：Jane is going to write herself a letter; Jane is going to write a letter for herself.
2. Jack has gone to buy a coat.
   • 强调用法：Jack has gone to buy a coat himself; Jack himself has gone to buy a coat.
   • 反身用法：Jack has gone to buy himself a coat; Jack has gone to buy a coat for himself.
3. Miss Wood taught the lesson.
   • 强调用法：Miss Wood taught the lesson herself; Miss Wood herself taught the lesson.
   • 反身用法：（无反身用法，因“教课程”的承受者不是主语本身）
4. James made a big sandwich.
   • 强调用法：James made a big sandwich himself; James himself made a big sandwich.
   • 反身用法：James made himself a big sandwich; James made a big sandwich for himself.

1. I hurt myself when I fell off the bike.
2. She taught herself to play the piano.
3. He cut himself while shaving.
4. We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
5. You should wash yourself before dinner.
6. The children dressed themselves without help.
7. The cat cleaned itself carefully.
8. My brother and I bought ourselves new shoes.
9. Did you hurt yourself playing football?
10. She found herself in a strange place.
11. He blamed himself for the mistake.
12. We must help ourselves to the food.
13. The team prided themselves on their victory.
14. I saw myself in the mirror.
15. They introduced themselves to the new teacher.

1. This is my pen; that is yours.（this指近处，that指远处）
2. These books are mine; those are Mary’s.（these/those对应复数名词）
3. That was a great movie we saw last night.（that指代上文提到的事物）
4. This is the best coffee I’ve ever tasted.（this指代当前提到的事物）
5. Those who work hard will succeed.（those指代“那些人”）
6. Is this your bag? No, that is mine.（this问近处，that答远处）
7. These apples are fresh; those are rotten.（these/those对比近处和远处的事物）
8. That is what I want to say.（that指代下文内容）
9. This is Tom speaking.（打电话用语，this指代自己）
10. Those days were happy ones.（those指代过去的日子）

1. Who is that man over there? He is my father.（对人提问，主格）
2. Whom did you meet at the station? I met my old friend.（对人提问，受格）
3. Whose pen is this? It’s mine.（对“所属关系”提问）
4. What are you doing? I’m reading a book.（对事物/动作提问）
5. Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? I prefer tea.（在两者中选择）
6. Who wrote this book? Lu Xun.（对作者提问，主格）
7. Whom are you talking about? We’re talking about our teacher.（对人提问，介词后用受格）
8. What is the capital of France? Paris.（对事物提问）
9. Which book is yours? The red one.（在多个事物中选择）
10. Whose car is parked outside? It’s Mr. Lee’s.（对“所属关系”提问）

1. The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.（先行词是人，主格）
2. The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（先行词是事物）
3. This is the girl whose mother is a doctor.（先行词是人，表所属）
4. The house that we visited yesterday is very old.（先行词是事物，通用that）
5. The woman whom you met at the party is my aunt.（先行词是人，受格）
6. The dog which is barking is mine.（先行词是动物）
7. This is the pen that I lost yesterday.（先行词是事物，通用that）
8. The boy who won the first prize is my classmate.（先行词是人，主格）
9. The city which I was born in is very beautiful.（先行词是地点）
10. The student whose essay won the competition is very talented.（先行词是人，表所属）

1. Someone is knocking at the door. Go and see who it is.（某人）
2. Is there anyone in the room? No, it’s empty.（任何人，疑问句）
3. Everyone in the class passed the exam.（每个人）
4. I have nothing to do this afternoon.（没有事情）
5. Something is wrong with my phone. It doesn’t work.（某件事）
6. Did anyone see the accident?（任何人，疑问句）
7. No one knows the answer to this question.（没有人）
8. Everything is ready for the party.（一切事物）
9. I saw someone I know in the street.（某人）
10. Anything is possible if you work hard.（任何事情，肯定句）

1. He and me are good friends. → He and I are good friends.
   主语用主格I，不用受格me
2. Her is taller than him. → She is taller than he/him.
   主语用主格she，than后正式用he，口语用him
3. This book is your. → This book is yours.
   名词性物主代词yours，不用形容词性your
4. Who did you talk to? Whom is he? → Who did you talk to? Who is he?
   口语中who可代替whom作宾语，主语用who
5. The girl which is sitting there is my sister. → The girl who is sitting there is my sister.
   先行词是人，用who不用which
6. Everyone should do their own work. → Everyone should do his own work.
   everyone是单数，用his不用their
7. I bought a book for me. → I bought a book for myself.
   主语和宾语是同一人，用反身代名词myself
8. These are mine books. → These are my books.
   修饰名词用形容词性物主代词my，不用名词性mine
9. Who’s book is this? → Whose book is this?
   对所属关系提问用whose，不用who’s（who is的缩写）
10. They enjoyed them at the party. → They enjoyed themselves at the party.
    主语和宾语是同一人，用反身代名词themselves

1. We don’t have to go to school today. I forgot it.
   I forgot that we don’t have to go to school today.
   that-子句作宾语，that可省略；句意：我忘了我们今天不用上学。
2. He is not coming. I don’t know about it.
   I don’t know that he is not coming.
   删除介词about，直接接that-子句作宾语；句意：我不知道他不来了。
3. I cannot go. I am sorry about it.
   I am sorry that I cannot go.
   删除介词about，that-子句作原因状语；句意：很抱歉我不能去。
4. He is right. He is sure of it.
   He is sure that he is right.
   删除介词of，that-子句作宾语；句意：他确信自己是对的。
5. You go there at once. It is necessary.
   It is necessary that you go there at once.
   that-子句作主语，用形式主语结构；句意：你必须立刻去那里。
6. He has left school. Is it true?
   Is it true that he has left school?
   一般疑问句形式，that-子句作真正主语；句意：他退学了，是真的吗？
7. He didn’t have enough money. It appeared so.
   It appeared that he didn’t have enough money.
   固定句型It appeared that…（似乎……），that-子句作主语；句意：他似乎没有足够的钱。
8. We would see each other every week. We agreed on it.
   We agreed that we would see each other every week.
   删除介词on，that-子句作宾语；句意：我们约定每周见面。
9. You get there in time. They consider it important.
   They consider it important that you get there in time.
   it作形式宾语，that-子句后置；句意：他们认为你及时赶到很重要。
10. He won the election. It was fortunate.
    It was fortunate that he won the election.
    形式主语结构，that-子句作真正主语；句意：他赢得选举真是幸运。

1. He will go. They expect it. It amazes me.
   They expect that he will go. / It is expected that he will go. / It amazes me that he will go. / I am amazed that he will go.
   前两句转换为通用被动式，后两句转换为形容词化被动式；句意：他们预计他会去。/ 预计他会去。/ 他会去这件事让我很惊讶。/ 我对他会去感到惊讶。
2. She speaks English so fluently. It amazes me.
   It amazes me that she speaks English so fluently. / I am amazed that she speaks English so fluently.
   主动式+形容词化被动式；句意：她英语说得这么流利，让我很惊讶。
3. The project would never succeed. Someone explained it to me.
   Someone explained to me that the project would never succeed. / It was explained to me that the project would never succeed.
   主动式（explain to sb. that…）+ 通用被动式；句意：有人向我解释说这个项目永远不会成功。
4. She never answered his letters. It bothered him.
   It bothered him that she never answered his letters. / He was bothered that she never answered his letters.
   主动式+形容词化被动式；句意：她从不回复他的信，这让他很烦恼。
5. He was selfish. You must never say so.
   You must never say that he was selfish. / It must never be said that he was selfish.
   主动式+通用被动式；句意：你绝不能说他自私。/ 绝不能说他自私。
6. We eat with chopsticks. It amuses her. We thought so.
   It amuses her that we eat with chopsticks. / She is amused that we eat with chopsticks. / We thought that we eat with chopsticks.
   前两句转换为形容词化被动式，第三句为简单that-子句作宾语；句意：我们用筷子吃饭让她觉得有趣。/ 她对我们用筷子吃饭感到有趣。/ 我们以为我们用筷子吃饭。
7. The examination would take place the next week. We thought so. It annoyed his brother.
   We thought that the examination would take place the next week. / It was thought that the examination would take place the next week. / It annoyed his brother that the examination would take place the next week. / His brother was annoyed that the examination would take place the next week.
   前两句为主动式+通用被动式，后两句为主动式+形容词化被动式；句意：我们以为考试会在下周举行。/ 人们以为考试会在下周举行。/ 考试在下周举行让他哥哥很恼火。
8. He kept asking for more money. It annoyed his brother. They have decided on it.
   It annoyed his brother that he kept asking for more money. / His brother was annoyed that he kept asking for more money. / They have decided that he kept asking for more money. / It has been decided that he kept asking for more money.
   前两句为形容词化被动式，后两句为主动式+通用被动式；句意：他不断要钱让他哥哥很恼火。/ 他们已经认定他不断要钱。
9. A new branch will be opened next year. They have decided on it. It shocked their teacher.
   They have decided that a new branch will be opened next year. / It has been decided that a new branch will be opened next year. / It shocked their teacher that a new branch will be opened next year. / Their teacher was shocked that a new branch will be opened next year.
   前两句为主动式+通用被动式，后两句为主动式+形容词化被动式；句意：他们已经决定明年开设一家新分店。/ 明年开设新分店让他们的老师很震惊。
10. Twenty students failed the course. It shocked their teacher.
    It shocked their teacher that twenty students failed the course. / Their teacher was shocked that twenty students failed the course.
    主动式+形容词化被动式；句意：二十名学生不及格，这让他们的老师很震惊。

1. I would be on time. The thought pleased me.
   The thought that I would be on time pleased me.
   that-子句作thought的同位语，解释“想法”的内容；句意：我会准时的这个想法让我很高兴。
2. The enemy were near. The news alarmed the citizens.
   The news that the enemy were near alarmed the citizens.
   that-子句作news的同位语，解释“消息”的内容；句意：敌人逼近的消息让市民们感到恐慌。
3. Fire burns. No one can deny the fact.
   No one can deny the fact that fire burns.
   that-子句作fact的同位语，解释“事实”的内容；句意：没人能否认火会燃烧这一事实。
4. There will be a general election. The rumor goes around.
   The rumor that there will be a general election goes around.
   that-子句作rumor的同位语，解释“谣言”的内容；句意：将会举行大选的谣言四处流传。
5. They should consider seriously. They did not pay attention to the advice.
   They did not pay attention to the advice that they should consider seriously.
   that-子句作advice的同位语，解释“建议”的内容；句意：他们没有重视应该认真考虑的建议。
6. He forgot all about his appointment. The realization embarrassed Bob.
   The realization that he forgot all about his appointment embarrassed Bob.
   that-子句作realization的同位语，解释“意识到”的内容；句意：鲍勃意识到自己完全忘了约会，这让他很尴尬。
7. We reconsider the plan. The suggestion never came up.
   The suggestion that we reconsider the plan never came up.
   that-子句作suggestion的同位语，解释“建议”的内容；句意：重新考虑这个计划的建议从未被提出。
8. They adopt the resolution. We passed the proposal.
   We passed the proposal that they adopt the resolution.
   that-子句作proposal的同位语，解释“提案”的内容；句意：我们通过了让他们采纳这项决议的提案。
9. The enemy were launching an attack. The information was passed on to the commander in chief.
   The information that the enemy were launching an attack was passed on to the commander in chief.
   that-子句作information的同位语，解释“信息”的内容；句意：敌人正在发动进攻的信息被传递给了总司令。
10. Should we or shouldn’t we contribute? The question came up during the discussion.
    The question whether we should contribute or not came up during the discussion.
    表疑问的同位语从句用whether引导（不用that），解释“问题”的内容；句意：我们是否应该捐款的问题在讨论中被提了出来。

1. I hope he will fail.
   I hope he won’t fail.
   hope为情感类动词，否定从句动词；句意：我希望他不会失败。
2. I imagine he will pass.
   I imagine he won’t pass. / I don’t imagine he will pass.
   imagine为观点类动词，可否定从句或转移否定；句意：我认为他不会通过。
3. I imagine he will pass.
   I imagine he won’t pass. / I don’t imagine he will pass.
   同第2题，两种否定方式均可，语义一致。
4. I learned that there was enough time.
   I didn’t learn that there was enough time. / I learned that there wasn’t enough time.
   learn为普通动词，否定主句（我不知道有足够时间）或从句（我知道没有足够时间），语义不同。
5. He realized that time was getting short.
   He didn’t realize that time was getting short. / He realized that time wasn’t getting short.
   realize为普通动词，否定主句（他没意识到时间紧迫）或从句（他意识到时间不紧迫），语义不同。
6. I realized he could hear very well.
   I didn’t realize he could hear very well. / I realized he couldn’t hear very well.
   realize为普通动词，否定主句（我没意识到他听力很好）或从句（我意识到他听力不好），语义不同。
7. He’s sure he will succeed.
   He’s not sure he will succeed. / He’s sure he won’t succeed.
   sure为形容词，否定形容词（他不确定会成功）或从句（他确定不会成功），语义不同。
8. He is sure he will succeed.
   He is not sure he will succeed. / He is sure he won’t succeed.
   同第7题，两种否定方式均可，语义不同。
9. She found that you missed something.
   She didn’t find that you missed something. / She found that you didn’t miss anything.
   find为普通动词，否定主句（她没发现你漏了东西）或从句（她发现你没漏东西），语义不同；从句否定需将something改为anything。
10. I guess somebody told you that.
    I don’t guess somebody told you that. / I guess nobody told you that.
    guess为观点类动词，可转移否定（我认为没人告诉你）或否定从句（将somebody改为nobody），语义一致。

1. You haven’t caught cold, have you? (think)
   Yes, I think so. / No, I don’t think so. / No, I think not.
   反义疑问句，用think回答，三种形式均可；句意：你没感冒，对吗？——是的，我认为没感冒。/ 不，我认为感冒了。
2. It’s time to go, isn’t it? (believe)
   Yes, I believe so. / No, I don’t believe so.
   反义疑问句，用believe回答，否定不用I believe not；句意：该走了，对吗？——是的，我认为该走了。
3. Do you think it will keep fine today? (afraid)
   No, I’m afraid not. / Yes, I’m afraid so.
   用afraid回答，否定常用I’m afraid not；句意：你认为今天会一直晴天吗？——不，恐怕不会。
4. Will you be at the party tonight? (hope)
   Yes, I hope so. / No, I hope not.
   用hope回答，不可说I don’t hope so；句意：你今晚能去派对吗？——是的，我希望能去。/ 不，我希望不能去。
5. Can’t you ask for help? (guess)
   Yes, I guess so. / No, I guess not.
   用guess回答，两种否定均可；句意：你不能求助吗？——是的，我想我能。/ 不，我想我不能。
6. He left a week ago, didn’t he? (believe)
   Yes, I believe so. / No, I don’t believe so.
   反义疑问句，用believe回答；句意：他一周前走了，对吗？——是的，我认为是。
7. Is there time for another cup of coffee? (think)
   Yes, I think so. / No, I don’t think so.
   用think回答；句意：还有时间再喝一杯咖啡吗？——是的，我认为有。
8. Were you very late? (afraid)
   No, I’m afraid not. / Yes, I’m afraid so.
   用afraid回答；句意：你迟到很久了吗？——不，恐怕没有。
9. The Volga is the longest river in Europe, isn’t it? (guess)
   Yes, I guess so. / No, I guess not.
   反义疑问句，用guess回答；句意：伏尔加河是欧洲最长的河，对吗？——是的，我想是。
10. You are having a holiday this year, aren’t you? (hope)
    Yes, I hope so. / No, I hope not.
    反义疑问句，用hope回答；句意：你今年要度假，对吗？——是的，我希望如此。

1. I suggested to him that he (give) up smoking.
   (should) give
   suggest表“提议”，that-子句动词用原形或should + 原形；句意：我建议他戒烟。
2. John insisted that we (be) here by noon.
   (should) be
   insist表“坚持要求”，that-子句动词用原形或should + 原形；句意：约翰坚持要求我们中午前到这里。
3. He proposed that they (not go) there any more.
   (should) not go
   propose表“提议”，否定式为(should) not + 原形；句意：他提议他们不要再去那里了。
4. She wishes that she (have) her new coat on.
   had
   wish表现在非事实，动词用过去式；句意：她希望自己穿着新外套。（事实：没穿）
5. I’m not a millionaire, but I wish I (be).
   were
   wish表现在非事实，be动词一律用were；句意：我不是百万富翁，但我希望是。
6. Is it necessary he (get) there on time?
   (should) get
   necessary表“必要”，that-子句动词用原形或should + 原形；句意：他有必要准时到那里吗？
7. She demanded that you (be not) told.
   (should) not be
   demand表“要求”，被动式为(should) not be + 过去分词；句意：她要求不告诉你这件事。
8. It’s about time you (get) married and (settle) down.
   got; settled
   It’s about time后接that-子句，动词用过去式；句意：你早该结婚定居了。
9. I would rather you (pay) in cash.
   paid
   would rather后接that-子句，动词用过去式；句意：我宁愿你付现金。
10. He has made some mistakes, but he wishes he (have not).
    had not made
    wish表过去非事实，动词用过去完成式；句意：他犯了一些错误，但他希望自己没犯过。
11. It is essential that you (not tell) it to anyone.
    (should) not tell
    essential表“至关重要”，that-子句动词用原形或should + 原形；句意：你绝不能把这件事告诉任何人。
12. The teacher ordered that they (be) quiet and (not make) any noise.
    (should) be; (should) not make
    order表“命令”，that-子句并列动词均用原形或should + 原形；句意：老师命令他们保持安静，不要吵闹。

1. He saw her last. He forgot when.
   He forgot when he saw her last.
   时间疑问用when，从句用陈述语序；句意：他忘了上次见到她是什么时候。
2. She decided not to do it. They don’t care why.
   They don’t care why she decided not to do it.
   原因疑问用why，从句用陈述语序；句意：他们不在乎她为什么决定不做这件事。
3. He got that idea. I don’t know where.
   I don’t know where he got that idea.
   地点疑问用where，从句用陈述语序；句意：我不知道他从哪里得到的那个想法。
4. Somebody paid the bill. I wonder who.
   I wonder who paid the bill.
   人作主语用who，从句用陈述语序；句意：我想知道是谁付的账单。
5. Something is bothering him. I don’t know what.
   I don’t know what is bothering him.
   事情作主语用what，从句用陈述语序；句意：我不知道是什么在困扰他。
6. He is going to accomplish it. They can’t figure out how.
   They can’t figure out how he is going to accomplish it.
   方式疑问用how，从句用陈述语序；句意：他们不知道他将如何完成这件事。
7. Quite a few people attended the meeting. You can’t imagine how many.
   You can’t imagine how many people attended the meeting.
   数量疑问用how many，后接复数名词people，从句用陈述语序；句意：你无法想象有多少人参加了会议。
8. She spent a lot on her dresses. We wonder how much.
   We wonder how much she spent on her dresses.
   数量疑问用how much（修饰不可数名词），从句用陈述语序；句意：我们想知道她在衣服上花了多少钱。

1. We know (⋯) did it.
   We know who did it.
   从句缺主语（人），用who；句意：我们知道是谁做的这件事。
2. We know she went (⋯).
   We know where she went.
   从句缺地点状语，用where；句意：我们知道她去了哪里。
3. We know she left home (at ⋯).
   We know when she left home.
   从句缺时间状语，用when；句意：我们知道她什么时候离开家的。
4. We know she left for America (by ⋯).
   We know how she left for America.
   从句缺方式状语，用how；句意：我们知道她是怎么去美国的。
5. We know she couldn’t come (because ⋯).
   We know why she couldn’t come.
   从句缺原因状语，用why；句意：我们知道她为什么不能来。
6. We know she went downtown with (⋯).
   We know who she went downtown with.
   从句缺宾语（人），用who（口语中可用whom）；句意：我们知道她和谁一起去的市中心。
7. We know she wants to buy (⋯).
   We know what she wants to buy.
   从句缺宾语（物），用what；句意：我们知道她想买什么。
8. We know she wants to buy a present for (⋯).
   We know whom she wants to buy a present for.
   从句缺宾语（人），for后用whom（正式）或who（口语）；句意：我们知道她想给谁买礼物。
9. We know she wants (⋯) to go with her.
   We know who she wants to go with her.
   从句缺宾语（人），用who；句意：我们知道她想让谁和她一起去。
10. We know she wants to go (⋯) to buy a present.
    We know where she wants to go to buy a present.
    从句缺地点状语，用where；句意：我们知道她想去哪里买礼物。
11. I wonder they’re going to stay (⋯) when they get here.
    I wonder where they’re going to stay when they get here.
    从句缺地点状语，用where；句意：我想知道他们到这里后要住在哪里。
12. I wonder they’re going to get where they’re going (⋯).
    I wonder how they’re going to get where they’re going.
    从句缺方式状语，用how；句意：我想知道他们要怎么去他们要去的地方。