2009 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (天津卷) 英语 笔试

1. I'm trying to break the ____ of getting up too late.

A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure

2. My parents ____ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.

A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live

3. —We're organizing a party next Saturday, and I'd like you to come.

—____ I have another one that day. Thank you just the same.

A. Good luck B. What a pity C. Never do it again D. Well done

4. ____ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.

A. Completing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete

5. A person ____ e-mail account is full won't be able to send or receive any e-mails.

A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever

6. —Sorry, I have to ____ now. It's time for class.

—OK, I'll call back later.

A. hang up B. break up C. give up D. hold up

7. It is obvious to the students ____ they should get well prepared for their future.

A. as B. which C. whether D. that

8. Don't worry if you don't understand everything. The teacher will ____ the main points at the end.

A. recover B. review C. require D. remember

9. ____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.

A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged

10. The art show was ____ being a failure; it was a great success.

A. far from B. along with C. next to D. regardless of

11. —Putting on a happy face not only helps us make friends but also makes us feel better.

—____

A. I'd love to B. I'm with you on that C. It's up to you D. It's my pleasure

12. It was a nice house, but ____ too small for a family of five.

A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty

13. I'm not surprised that he became a writer. Even as a child he had a ____ imagination.

A. clear B. cautious C. funny D. vivid

14. I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, ____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.

A. as B. which C. when D. though

15. This printer is of good quality. If it ____ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.

A. would B. should C. could D. might

16. He presented me with a puzzle...

A. hit B. disappointed C. presented D. bored

17. ...like someone does on seeing a close friend.

A. on B. from C. during D. about

18. A big, bright smile accompanied his wave.

A. false B. shy C. apologetic D. bright

19. I tried to study his face to see if I knew him.

A. research B. study C. recognize D. explore

20. Perhaps he had mistaken me for someone else.

A. praised B. blamed C. mistaken D. respected

21. ...contented myself with the conclusion that he and I were strangers...

A. conclusion B. description C. evaluation D. introduction

22. Then one day the mystery was solved.

A. argument B. disagreement C. mystery D. task

23. As I approached the school...

A. visited B. approached C. passed D. left

24. ...standing in the middle of the road holding out his stop sign.

A. drawing back B. putting on C. handing in D. holding out

25. Once the kids had reached the safety of the sidewalk...

A. Once B. Before C. Unless D. While

26. ...let the cars through.

A. in B. through C. out D. down

27. To the first he waved and smiled...

A. cried B. cheered C. smiled D. gestured

28. The second car got the same greeting...

A. idea B. reply C. notice D. greeting

29. ...gave a brief, almost awkward wave back.

A. awkward B. angry C. elegant D. patient

30. ...cars of kids ... responded more heartily.

A. came B. responded C. hurried D. appeared

31. ...watch the man with interest.

A. surprise B. frustration C. interest D. doubt

32. ...haven't seen anyone fail to wave back.

A. fail B. try C. wish D. bother

33. ...make such a difference to so many people's lives...

A. offer B. sacrifice C. promise D. difference

34. His cheerfulness armed the start of my day.

A. effectiveness B. cheerfulness C. carefulness D. seriousness

35. ...changed the feelings of the whole neighborhood.

A. trends B. observations C. regulations D. feelings

The first time I remember noticing the crossing guard was when he waved to me as I drove my son to school. He presented me with a puzzle - all because he waved to me like someone does on seeing a close friend. A big, bright smile accompanied his wave. For the next few days I tried to study his face to see if I knew him. I didn't. Perhaps he had mistaken me for someone else. By the time I contented myself with the conclusion that he and I were strangers, we were greeting each other warmly every morning like old friends. Then one day the mystery was solved. As I approached the school he was standing in the middle of the road holding out his stop sign. I was in line behind four cars. Once the kids had reached the safety of the sidewalk, he lowered his sign and let the cars through. To the first he waved and smiled in just the same way he had done to me over the last few days. The kids already had the window down and were happily waving their reply. The second car got the same greeting from the crossing guard, and the driver, a stiff-looking businessman, gave a brief, almost awkward wave back. Each following car of kids on their way to school responded more heartily. Every morning I continued to watch the man with interest. So far I haven't seen anyone fail to wave back. I find it interesting that one person can make such a difference to so many people's lives by doing one simple thing like waving and smiling warmly. His cheerfulness armed the start of my day. With a friendly wave and smiling face he had changed the feelings of the whole neighborhood.

我第一次注意到这位交通协管员，是在我开车送儿子上学时他向我挥手致意的时候。他让我心生疑惑——因为他挥手的样子，就像人们一见到亲密朋友就会做的那样。他挥手时脸上带着灿烂的笑容。接下来几天，我努力仔细端详他的脸，想看看自己是否认识他。我并不认识他。也许他把我错认成别人了。当我接受了我们本就是陌生人这个结论时，我们却每天早上都像老朋友一样热情地互相打招呼。 后来有一天，这个谜团解开了。当我快到学校时，他正站在路中间举着停车示意牌。我排在四辆车后面。一旦孩子们到达人行道的安全区域，他就放下示意牌，让车辆通行。他对第一辆车挥手并微笑，方式和前几天对我一模一样。孩子们已经摇下窗户，开心地挥手回应。第二辆车也得到了协管员同样的问候，那位神情严肃的司机简短又略显尴尬地挥了挥手。后面每一辆送孩子上学的车，都更热情地做出回应。 每天早上我都饶有兴趣地看着这个人。到目前为止，我从没见过有人不挥手回应他。我觉得很有意思：一个人只靠挥手、微笑这样简单的举动，就能对这么多人的生活产生如此大的影响。他的快乐让我一天的开端充满活力。他用友好的挥手和笑容，改变了整个社区的情绪与氛围。

A

Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.

Many roads and places in Singapore (新加坡) are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries — in both the West and the East.

Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus — obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.

Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, "Bras Basah" means "wet rice" in Malay (马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road "Wet Rice Road"? The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.

A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is "Circular Road" for one. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like "Paya Lebar Crescent". This road is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.

Paragraph 1

1. Societies all over the world name places in similar ways.

结构：S(Societies) + V(name) + O(places)

翻译：世界各地的社会都以相似的方式给地方命名。

2. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people.

结构：There be 句型 + 并列句；S(places) + V(tend to be called)

翻译：通常没有正式的命名仪式，但人们往往会把地名当作参照点来称呼。

3. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name.

结构：S(body) + V(steps in / gives) + O(the place a name)

翻译：然后某个机构介入，给这个地方定名。

4. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government.

结构：形式主语 it + 主语从句；并列被动句

翻译：一个地方经常有两个名字：一个是民间称呼，一个是官方名称。

5. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.

结构：并列句 S(habits) + V(died)；S(place) + V(continues)

翻译：在很多地区，旧习惯很难消失，即便原意早已无人知晓，民间名称仍会长期沿用。

Paragraph 2

1. Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations.

结构：被动 S(roads/places) + V(are named)；目的状语从句

翻译：新加坡很多道路和地点的命名是为了让后代铭记先驱者。

2. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place.

结构：S(we) + V(have) + O(names)

翻译：于是就有了斯坦福路、莱佛士坊等地名。

3. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries — in both the West and the East.

结构：S(This) + V(is) + P(表语)

翻译：这符合东西方许多国家的传统。

Paragraph 3

1. Another way of naming places is naming them after other places.

结构：S(way) + V(is) + P(表语)

翻译：另一种命名方式是借用其他地方的名字。

2. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after.

结构：并列句；定语从句

翻译：或许是为了促进两地友谊，也可能是因为曾经住在那里的人原籍就是这些地名所在地。

3. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases.

结构：S(mystery) + V(is)；时间状语从句

翻译：当我们看到前英军基地里的一些道路命名时，谜团就更清晰了。

4. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus — obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.

结构：条件状语从句 + 主句

翻译：走进斯莱克托空军基地，你会看到皮卡迪利广场——显然是思乡的英国皇家空军人员取的名字。

Paragraph 4

1. Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places.

结构：被动 S(places) + V(were named)；定语从句

翻译：有些地方是以曾经在那里进行的活动命名的。

2. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, "Bras Basah" means "wet rice" in Malay.

结构：S(Road) + V(is)；S(Bras Basah) + V(means)

翻译：百胜路就是一个有趣的例子，“Bras Basah”在马来语中是“湿米”的意思。

3. Now why would anyone want to name a road "Wet Rice Road"? The reason is simple.

结构：疑问句；主系表

翻译：为什么有人会把一条路叫作“湿米路”？原因很简单。

4. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.

结构：被动 S(rice) + V(was laid out)

翻译：拓荒时期，人们会把湿米铺在这条路上晒干。

Paragraph 5

1. A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes.

结构：被动 S(roads) + V(are named)

翻译：新加坡有些路是按形状命名的。

2. There is "Circular Road" for one.

结构：There be 句型

翻译：比如“环形路”。

3. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like "Paya Lebar Crescent".

结构：S(roads) + V(have) + O(part)

翻译：其他路名中会有描述形状的部分，如“巴耶利峇弯”。

4. This road is called a crescent because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.

结构：被动 + 原因状语从句；并列谓语

翻译：这条路被称为月牙弯，因为它从主路分出，呈弯月形后又回到主路。

36. We learn from Paragraph 1 that ____.

A. the government is usually the first to name a place

B. many places tend to have more than one name

C. a ceremony will be held when a place is named

D. people prefer the place names given by the government

37. What does the underlined phrase "die hard" in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly. C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly.

38. Which of the following places is named after a person?

A. Raffles Place. B. Selector Airbase. C. Piccadilly Circus. D. Paya Lebar Crescent.

40. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Some place names in Singapore are the same as in Britain.

B. Some places in Singapore are named for military purposes.

C. The way Singaporeans name their places is unique.

D. Young Singaporeans have forgotten the pioneers.

B

I am a writer. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with.

Born into a Chinese family that had recently arrived in California, I've been giving more thought to the kind of English my mother speaks. Like others, I have described it to people as "broken" English. But feel embarrassed to say that. It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than "broken", as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness. I've heard other terms used, "limited English," for example. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people's perceptions of the limited English speaker.

I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother's "limited" English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say. That is, because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect. And I had plenty of evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.

I started writing fiction in 1985. And for reasons I won't get into today, I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as "broken", and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure. I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.

Paragraph 1

1. I am a writer.

结构：S(I) + V(am) + P(a writer) 主系表

翻译：我是一名作家。

2. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth.

结构：S(I) + V(spend) + O(time) + 伴随状语(thinking about...)；破折号后是同位语从句

翻译：我花大量时间思考语言的力量——它如何唤起情感、视觉意象、复杂想法或简单事实。

3. Language is the tool of my trade.

结构：S(Language) + V(is) + P(the tool of my trade) 主系表

翻译：语言是我的职业工具。

4. And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with.

结构：S(I) + V(use) + O(them all)；破折号后是同位语

翻译：而我会使用我从小到大接触过的所有英语形式。

Paragraph 2

1. Born into a Chinese family that had recently arrived in California, I've been giving more thought to the kind of English my mother speaks.

结构：过去分词作状语；S(I) + V(have been giving) + O(thought)；定语从句修饰English

翻译：我出生在一个刚搬到加州的华人家庭，一直以来我都在思考母亲所说的英语。

2. Like others, I have described it to people as "broken" English.

结构：S(I) + V(have described) + O(it) + 宾语补足语(as "broken" English)

翻译：和别人一样，我也曾向别人描述这是“蹩脚”的英语。

3. But I feel embarrassed to say that.

结构：S(I) + V(feel) + P(embarrassed) + 不定式(to say that)

翻译：但这么说让我感到尴尬。

4. It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than "broken", as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness.

结构：形式主语It + 真正主语从句；两个as if引导方式状语从句

翻译：我一直很困扰，除了“蹩脚”之外，我想不到别的词来形容它，仿佛它是破损的、需要修复的，仿佛它缺乏某种完整性。

5. I've heard other terms used, "limited English," for example.

结构：S(I) + V(have heard) + O(other terms) + 宾语补足语(used)

翻译：我也听过其他说法，比如“有限英语”。

6. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people's perceptions of the limited English speaker.

结构：S(they) + V(seem) + P(as bad)；as if引导方式状语从句

翻译：但这些词听起来同样糟糕，仿佛一切都是有限的，包括人们对英语不好的说话者的看法。

Paragraph 3

1. I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother's "limited" English limited my perception of her.

结构：S(I) + V(know) + O(this)；because引导原因状语从句，从句中含when引导的时间状语从句

翻译：我很清楚这一点，因为在我成长过程中，母亲那“蹩脚”的英语限制了我对她的认知。

2. I was ashamed of her English.

结构：S(I) + V(was) + P(ashamed) + 固定搭配(of her English)

翻译：我为她的英语感到羞愧。

3. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say.

结构：S(I) + V(believed) + that引导宾语从句；从句中S(her English) + V(reflected) + O(the quality...)

翻译：我认为她的英语水平反映了她说话内容的质量。

4. That is, because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect.

结构：because引导原因状语从句；主句为倒装结构(her thoughts were imperfect)

翻译：也就是说，我觉得因为她表达得不够好，她的想法本身就是不完美的。

5. And I had plenty of evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.

结构：S(I) + V(had) + O(plenty of evidence)；冒号后为同位语从句，含并列谓语和as if从句

翻译：而且我当时有很多“证据”支持这个想法：百货公司、银行和餐厅里的人都不把她当回事，不给她好服务，假装听不懂她的话，甚至假装没听见。

Paragraph 4

1. I started writing fiction in 1985.

结构：S(I) + V(started) + 动名词宾语(writing fiction)

翻译：我在1985年开始写小说。

2. And for reasons I won't get into today, I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as "broken", and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure.

结构：介词短语作状语；S(I) + V(began) + 不定式宾语(to write stories...)；冒号后为并列的两个同位语成分

翻译：出于今天不想细说的原因，我开始用我从小到大接触过的所有英语形式来写故事：她和我说话时用的那种英语（找不到更好的词，只能说是“蹩脚”英语），还有我想象中她的中式英语——也就是她内心想法的翻译，我想保留她语言的精髓，但不照搬英语或汉语的句式结构。

3. I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.

结构：S(I) + V(wanted) + 不定式宾语(to catch...)；宾语从句作catch的宾语；冒号后为同位语

翻译：我想捕捉语言能力测试永远无法呈现的东西：她的意图、她的情感、她说话的节奏，以及她想法的本质。

41. By saying "Language is the tool of my trade", the author means that ____.

A. she uses English in foreign trade

B. she is fascinated by languages

C. she works as a translator

D. she is a writer by profession

42. The author used to think of her mother's English as ____.

A. impolite

B. amusing

C. imperfect

D. practical

43. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?

A. Americans do not understand broken English.

B. The author's mother was not respected sometimes.

C. The author's mother had positive influence on her.

D. Broken English always reflects imperfect thoughts.

44. The author gradually realizes her mother's English is ____.

A. well structured

B. in the old style

C. easy to translate

D. rich in meaning

45. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The change of the author's attitude to her mother's English.

B. The limitation of the author's perception of her mother.

C. The author's misunderstanding of "limited" English.

D. The author's experiences of using broken English.

C

Tens of thousands of theatre tickets will be given away to young people next year as part of a government campaign to inspire a lifelong love for theatre.

The plan to offer free seats to people aged between 18 to 26—funded with £2.5 million of taxpayers' money—was announced yesterday by Andy Burnham, the Culture Secretary. It received a cautious welcome from some in the arts world, who expressed concern that the tickets may not reach the most underprivileged.

The plan comes as West End theatres are enjoying record audiences, thanks largely to musicals teaming up with television talent shows. Attendances reached 13.6 million in 2007, up 10 percent on 2006, itself a record year. Total sales were up 18 percent on 2006 to almost £470 million.

One theatre source criticised the Government's priorities (优先考虑的事) in funding free tickets when pensioners were struggling to buy food and fuel, saying: "I don't know why the Government's wasting money on this. The Young Vic, as The Times reported today, offers excellent performances at cheap prices."

There was praise for the Government's plan from Dominic Cooke of the Royal Court Theatre, who said: "I support any move to get young people into theatre, and especially one that aims to do it all over England, not just in London."

Ninety-five publicly funded theatres could apply for funding under the two-year plan. In return, they will offer free tickets on at least one day each week to 18 to 26-year-olds, first-come, first-served. It is likely to be on Mondays, traditionally a quiet night for the theatre.

Paragraph 1

1. Tens of thousands of theatre tickets will be given away to young people next year as part of a government campaign to inspire a lifelong love for theatre.

结构：S(tickets) + V(will be given away) 被动语态

翻译：明年数万张剧院门票将免费发放给年轻人，这是政府一项旨在培养人们终身热爱戏剧的活动的一部分。

Paragraph 2

1. The plan to offer free seats to people aged between 18 to 26—funded with £2.5 million of taxpayers' money—was announced yesterday by Andy Burnham, the Culture Secretary.

结构：S(plan) + V(was announced) 被动语态

翻译：这项为18至26岁人群提供免费座位的计划由文化大臣安迪·伯纳姆昨日宣布，资金来自250万英镑纳税人的钱。

2. It received a cautious welcome from some in the arts world, who expressed concern that the tickets may not reach the most underprivileged.

结构：S(It) + V(received) + O(welcome)；定语从句

翻译：它得到了艺术界一些人士谨慎的欢迎，他们担心这些票无法真正送到最贫困的年轻人手中。

Paragraph 3

1. The plan comes as West End theatres are enjoying record audiences, thanks largely to musicals teaming up with television talent shows.

结构：S(plan) + V(comes)；时间状语从句

翻译：该计划推出之际，伦敦西区剧院正迎来创纪录的观众人数，这主要得益于音乐剧与电视选秀节目的合作。

2. Attendances reached 13.6 million in 2007, up 10 percent on 2006, itself a record year.

结构：S(Attendances) + V(reached) + O(13.6 million)

翻译：2007年观影人数达到1360万，比2006年增长10%，而2006年本身已是纪录年。

3. Total sales were up 18 percent on 2006 to almost £470 million.

结构：S(sales) + V(were up)

翻译：总销售额比2006年增长18%，达到近4.7亿英镑。

Paragraph 4

1. One theatre source criticised the Government's priorities in funding free tickets when pensioners were struggling to buy food and fuel…

结构：S(source) + V(criticised) + O(priorities)

翻译：一位剧院人士批评政府在养老金领取者连食物和燃料都难以负担时，却把资金优先用于免费门票。

2. …saying: "I don't know why the Government's wasting money on this…"

结构：现在分词作伴随状语；宾语从句

翻译：……他说：“我不明白政府为什么要在这上面浪费钱……”

Paragraph 5

1. There was praise for the Government's plan from Dominic Cooke of the Royal Court Theatre…

结构：There be 句型

翻译：皇家宫廷剧院的多米尼克·库克对政府计划表示赞赏……

2. …who said: "I support any move to get young people into theatre…"

结构：定语从句；宾语从句

翻译：……他说：“我支持任何让年轻人走进剧院的举措……”

Paragraph 6

1. Ninety-five publicly funded theatres could apply for funding under the two-year plan.

结构：S(theatres) + V(could apply for) + O(funding)

翻译：根据这项两年计划，95家公立剧院可以申请资助。

2. In return, they will offer free tickets on at least one day each week to 18 to 26-year-olds, first-come, first-served.

结构：S(they) + V(will offer) + O(tickets)

翻译：作为回报，它们每周至少有一天向18-26岁人群提供免费门票，先到先得。

Mr. Burnham said: "A young person attending the theatre can find it an exciting experience, and be shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth "mother" rather than one made of wire, even when the wire "mother" carried a food bottle. Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of "warmth" and "coldness" in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as "warm" or "cold" is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study's hypotheses, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of "Person A" based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

"We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly," says Bargh.

Paragraph 1

1. ...be shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness.

结构：S(young person) + V(can be shaped) 被动

翻译：……会被身体感觉所影响，尤其是冷暖感受。

2. Classic studies by Harry Harlow... showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth "mother"...

结构：S(studies) + V(showed) + 宾语从句

翻译：哈利·哈洛的经典研究表明，猴子更喜欢靠近布做的“妈妈”……

Paragraph 2

1. Feelings of "warmth" and "coldness" in social judgments appear to be universal.

结构：S(Feelings) + V(appear to be) + P(universal)

翻译：社会判断中的“温暖”和“冷漠”感似乎是普遍存在的。

2. ...describing people as "warm" or "cold" is common to many cultures...

结构：动名词作主语 + V(is)

翻译：……用“热情”或“冷漠”形容人在很多文化中都很常见……

Paragraph 3

1. To test the relationship... Bargh conducted an experiment...

结构：不定式作目的状语；S(Bargh) + V(conducted) + O(experiment)

翻译：为了测试身体与心理温暖的关系，巴尔格做了一项实验……

2. ...handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink...

结构：S(assistant) + V(handed) + O(students) + O(drink)

翻译：……递给学生一杯热咖啡或一杯冷饮……

3. ...the students were asked to rate the personality of "Person A"...

结构：S(students) + V(were asked) 被动

翻译：……学生被要求评价“A人物”的性格……

Paragraph 4

1. "We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly," says Bargh.

结构：S(We) + V(are grounded) 被动；时间状语从句

翻译：巴尔格说：“即使在抽象思考时，我们也受身体经验的影响。”

51. According to Paragraph 1, a person's emotion may be affected by ____.

A. the visitors to his office
B. the psychology lessons he has
C. his physical feeling of coldness
D. the things he has bought online

52. The author mentions Harlow's experiment to show that ____.

A. adults should develop social skills
B. babies need warm physical contact
C. caregivers should be healthy adults
D. monkeys have social relationships

53. In Bargh's experiment, the students were asked to ____.

A. evaluate someone's personality
B. write down their hypotheses
C. fill out a personal information form
D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

54. We can infer from the passage that ____.

A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences
B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide
C. physical temperature affects how we see others
D. capable persons are often cold to others

55. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.
B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.
D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.

Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart (购物手推车). They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.

Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging (吃力地携带) groceries around in baskets they had to carry.

One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.

On June 4, 1937, Goldman's first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn't wait to see them using his invention.

But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.

After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren't using his carts. "Don't you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?" one shopper replied.

But Goldman wasn't beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony (假冒的) customers.

As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come—those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.

Today's shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman's original model. Perhaps that's one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart.

Paragraph 1

1. Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart.

结构：S(everybody) + V(will spend) + O(a part of life)

翻译：几乎每个美国人都会在人生的某段时间里使用购物手推车。

2. They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles.

结构：S(They) + V(will push) + O(contraptions)

翻译：一生中他们会推着这些镀铬的装置走很远。

3. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.

结构：S(few) + V(will know)；宾语从句（强调句型）

翻译：但很少有人知道，甚至不会去问，它们是谁发明的。

Paragraph 2

1. Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937.

结构：S(Goldman) + V(invented) + O(the shopping cart)

翻译：西尔万·戈德曼在1937年发明了购物手推车。

2. At that time he was in the supermarket business.

结构：S(he) + V(was) + P(in the business)

翻译：那时他从事超市行业。

3. Every day he would see shoppers lugging groceries in baskets they had to carry.

结构：S(he) + V(see) + O(shoppers) + OC(lugging)

翻译：他每天都看到顾客提着篮子吃力地装东西。

Paragraph 3

1. One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels.

结构：S(Goldman) + V(had) + O(idea)

翻译：一天，戈德曼突然想到给篮子装轮子。

2. The wheeled baskets would make shopping easier and attract more business.

结构：S(baskets) + V(would make / attract) + O(shopping / business)

翻译：带轮篮子能让购物更轻松，并吸引更多生意。

Paragraph 4

1. Goldman's first carts were ready for use in his market.

结构：S(carts) + V(were ready)

翻译：戈德曼的第一批手推车在超市投入使用。

2. He was excited as customers began arriving.

结构：S(He) + V(was)；时间状语从句

翻译：顾客到来时他非常兴奋。

Paragraph 5

1. But Goldman was disappointed.

结构：S(Goldman) + V(was)

翻译：但戈德曼很失望。

2. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody tried them.

结构：并列句 S(shoppers) + V(gave / tried)

翻译：多数人只是看看，几乎没人试用。

Paragraph 6

1. Goldman decided to ask why they weren't using the carts.

结构：S(Goldman) + V(decided) + 宾语从句

翻译：他决定问顾客为什么不用。

2. "Don’t you think this arm is strong enough?" a shopper replied.

结构：引语 + S(shopper) + V(replied)

翻译：一位顾客说：你觉得我的胳膊不够强壮吗？

Paragraph 7

1. Goldman wasn't beaten yet.

结构：S(Goldman) + V(wasn't beaten)

翻译：但他没有放弃。

2. He hired people to push carts and pretend shopping.

结构：S(He) + V(hired) + O(people)

翻译：他雇人在超市推手推车假装购物。

3. Real customers gradually copied them.

结构：S(customers) + V(copied) + O(them)

翻译：真正的顾客开始模仿。

Paragraph 8

1. The carts attracted more customers to his market.

结构：S(carts) + V(attracted) + O(customers)

翻译：手推车吸引了越来越多顾客。

2. Customers bought more items than before.

结构：S(customers) + V(bought) + O(items)

翻译：顾客买的东西比以前更多。

Paragraph 9

1. Today's carts are five times larger.

结构：S(carts) + V(are)

翻译：现在的购物车是原来的五倍大。

2. Americans spend more money because of the shopping cart.

结构：S(Americans) + V(spend) + O(money)

翻译：美国人的食品支出比1937年前翻了五倍多。

56. The underlined words "chrome-plated contraptions" in Paragraph 1 refer to ______. (No more than 3 words)

57. What was the purpose of Goldman's invention? (No more than 10 words)

58. Why was Goldman disappointed at first? (No more than 10 words)

59. Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market? (No more than 10 words)

60. What do you think of Goldman? Please give your reasons. (No more than 20 words)